Detection of viral infections by an oligonucleotide microarray.

The success of DNA expression microarrays has been followed by applications of this technology to molecular diagnosis, mainly in the fields of biology and medicine. The experiments described below apply microarray diagnosis to agriculture. This report presents results of field tests for a DNA microarray designed to diagnose major viral potato pathogens. The assays were performed on samples that had been tested previously for the presence of viral infection by ELISA. RNA isolation methods were optimised for high sensitivity, using only 3 microg of total RNA that were reverse transcribed using random hexamers, with the resulting cDNA hybridised after labelling to an oligonucleotide array. The results obtained confirm the presence of pathogens indicated by ELISA and simultaneously reveal other viruses in the same reaction, showing that this method is appropriate for rapid detection of mixed viral infections. This observation was verified by subsequent RT-PCR and sequencing.

Complementation analysis of triple gene block of Potato virus S (PVS) revealed its capability to support systemic infection and aphid transmissibility of recombinant Potato virus X.

Triple gene block (TGB) sequences derived from isolates of ordinary Potato virus S (PVS-O) and Chenopodium-systemic (PVS-CS) were analyzed. Although the TGB sequences did not reveal any specific difference within the 7K protein, some specific differences within the 25K and 12K ORFs were found. In order to investigate a possible functional divergence of PVS-O and PVS-CS TGB variants, these genes were propagated in chimeric Potato virus X (PVX). Both PVS TGB variants partly complemented PVX TGB in Nicotiana benthamiana. The recombinant viruses multiplied to lower titer than the wild-type PVX in N. benthamiana showed attenuated symptoms. Whereas the recombinant PVX variants were also propagated systemically in Nicotiana glutinosa, Celosia argentea, Nicotiana occidentalis and chimeric PVX bearing TGB from PVS-O in Solanum lycopersicum, neither were propagated systemically in Chenopodium quinoa nor in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun nn and the PVX-resistant Solanum tuberosum cv. Szignal. The potential for recombinant viruses to be transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae was investigated. Aphid transmission in the recombinant virus was obtained by replacing PVX TGB by TGB from the PVS-CS isolate. These results show the potential function of Carlavirus TGB in aphid transmissibility and underlines the possible biological risks from certain recombinant virus variants.

Short communication: Molecular analysis of Potato leafroll virus isolates from the Czech Republic.

The complete genomes of three Czech isolates VIRUBRA 1/045, VIRUBRA 1/046, and VIRUBRA 1/047 of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) were sequenced and compared with 13 complete sequences of PLRV isolates available in GenBank. Among the Czech isolates, VIRUBRA 1/046 and 1/047 showed the highest nucleotide (nt) identity (98.7%). PLRV was the most conserved virus in both open reading frames (ORFs) 3 and 4. The most variable regions were ORFs 0 and Rap1. Interestingly, isolate VIRUBRA 1/045 significantly differed from the other two Czech isolates in ORFs 0 and 1. Moreover, we identified mutations in the amino acid (aa) sequences, which were specific for the Czech isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF0 showed that the Czech isolates could be classified in two of the three groupings of the phylogenetic tree obtained. This is the first report on sequence analysis of the genome sequences of PLRV isolates from the Czech Republic.

Analysis of thermal stress-mediated PSTVd variation and biolistic inoculation of progeny of viroid "thermomutants" to tomato and Brassica species.

Thermal stress of PSTVd-infected Nicotiana benthamiana led to appearance of a broad PSTVd sequence distribution, where most of mutations accumulated in the left half of the viroid's secondary structure including the "pathogenicity" domain. A similar effect had been reported for hop latent viroid [Virology 287 (2001) 349]. The pool of viroid "thermomutants" progenies was transcribed into cDNA and used for biolistic inoculation of Raphanus sativa, where the PSTVd infection was detectable by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Newly generated inoculum from R. sativa was used for biolistic transfer to Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and silencing-deficient mutants bearing one of sde1, sde2, and sde3 locuses. Irrespective to A. thaliana silencing mutants, viroid levels in Brasicaceae species infected with mutated PSTVd variants were of approximately 300 times lower than it is expected for tomato. At the same time, no systemic infection of A. thaliana was achieved with the wild-type PSTVd. In Arabidopsis, a population of PSTVd, consisting of frequent and minor variants, was present and the sequence distribution differed from that of the original viroid "thermomutants"; that is, mutations were not predominantly restricted to the left half of viroid's secondary structure. At least 65% of viroid sequences from Arabidopsis library accumulated mutations in the upper conserved central region (UCCR). In addition, mutants having changes in "hairpin II" domain (C-->A transition at position 229) and in the conserved internal loop element in the left part of viroid structure (single insertion of G at position 39) were detected. All those mutants were inoculated biolistically to tomato and promoted infection especially after prolonged period of plant cultivation (50-80 days pi) when infection reached 70-90%. However, the sequence variants were unstable and reverted to the wild type and to other sequence variants stable in tomato. Our results demonstrate that heat stress-mediated production of viroid quasi-species could be of significance for viroid adaptations.