LncRNAs involvement in pathogenesis of immune-related disease via regulation of T regulatory cells, an updated review.

The pathophysiology of several illnesses, including cancer and autoimmune diseasesdepends on human regulatory T cells (Tregs), and abnormalities in these cells may function as triggers for these conditions. Cancer and autoimmune, and gynecological diseases are associated with the differentiation of the proinflammatory T cell subset TH17 and its balance with the production of Treg. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have become important regulatory molecules in a wide range of illnesses. During epigenetic regulation, they can control the expression of important genes at several levels by affecting transcription, post-transcriptional actions, translation, and protein modification. They might connect with different molecules, such as proteins, DNA and RNA, and their structural composition is intricate. Because lncRNAs regulatebiological processes, including cell division, death, and growth, they are linked to severaldiseases. A notable instance of this is the lncRNA NEAT1, which has been the subject of several investigations to ascertain its function in immune cell development. In the context of immune cell development, several additional lncRNAs have been connected to Treg cell differentiation. In this work, we summarize current findings about the diverse functions of lncRNAs in Treg cell differentiation and control of the Th17/Treg homeostasis in autoimmune disorders, cancers, as well as several gynecological diseases where Tregs are key players.

Virus-Specific T Cells: Promising Adoptive T Cell Therapy Against Infectious Diseases Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a life-saving therapy for various hematologic disorders. Due to the bone marrow suppression and its long recovery period, secondary infections, like cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), and adenovirus (AdV), are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in HSCT cases. Drug resistance to the antiviral pharmacotherapies makes researchers develop adoptive T cell therapies like virus-specific T cell therapy. These studies have faced major challenges such as finding the most effective T cell expansion methods, isolating the expected subtype, defining the functionality of the end-cell population, product quality control, and clinical complications after the injection. This review discusses the viral infections after HSCT, T cells characteristics during chronic viral infection, application of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) for refractory infections, standard methods for producing VSTs and their limitation, clinical experiences on VSTs, focusing on outcomes and side effects that can be helpful in decision-making for patients and further researches.

Potential and challenges of placenta-derived decidua stromal cell therapy in inflammation-associated disorders.

Decidual stromal cells (DSCs) isolated from maternal part of placenta, like mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), are able to inhibit alloreactivity in-vitro but in a superior way which makes them an attractive alternative for anti-inflammatory therapies. In alloreactivity, when a strong immune response is developed against alloantigens, DSCs develop an anti-inflammatory environment, both through cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors, to prevent the adverse effects of alloantigens. In alloreactivity-associated inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines can be released and then involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions which is one of the main causes of inflammatory related disorders. According to the preclinical and clinical studies, DSCs could be promising alternatives for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases for which no definitive and successful treatment has been found yet. Here we first present the DSCs functions in creating the anti-inflammatory environment, their immunomodulatory effects, and their advantages over MSCs. Then, preclinical and clinical studies using DSCs for treatment of inflammatory disease including: graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoi-etic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT), COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and in particular, Infertility-related disorders, are presented. Finally, the challenges of using DSCs in clinical settings will be described.