Clinical risk factors for the prediction of acute kidney injury post cardiac resynchronization therapy in an elderly population.

BACKGROUND: Data on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation is limited and no previous studies investigated its impact in an elderly population. CRT implantation requires a relatively low quantity of contrast medium. Previous studies, however, focused primarily on contrast medium as etiological factor for AKI, reporting a high incidence (8-14%). The high incidence of AKI in absence of use of substantial amounts of contrast volume, suggests the existence of other factors that contribute to AKI. OBJECTIVES: To determine the predictive value of patient and procedure-related risk factors for the occurrence of AKI post CRT, as well as the AKIs impact on length of in-hospital stay (LOS) and 1-year mortality. METHODS: Retrospective observational study, including consecutive patients that underwent CRT implantation in a single center. RESULTS: 60 patients with a mean age of 77 ± 8.4 years were included in the study and Twelve (20%) developed AKI. Prior renal insufficiency (p = 0.03; OR = 15.4), larger procedure time (p = 0.02; OR = 1.03), intra-operative hypotension (p < 0.01; OR = 1.72) and bleeding (p = 0.01 (OR = 7.86), showed to predict AKI significantly. AKI associated a significantly longer LOS (12 vs 3 days, p < 0.01). No significant differences regarding 1-year mortality were observed (p = 0.19; HR = 2.7 for patients with AKI). CONCLUSIONS: AKI is a frequent complication of CRT implantation with an important impact on in-hospital stay, especially in the elderly. In addition to contrast administration, clinical factors could play a significant role in the occurrence of AKI.

Clinical Experience with Ivabradine in Acute Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: Ivabradine has been shown to improve symptoms and to reduce rehospitalization and mortality in patients with severe chronic heart failure (HF). Its indication in acute HF is not clear. Acute HF patients could also benefit from HR reduction, as myocardial consumption and oxidative stress are related to tachycardia. Moreover, beta-blockers are contraindicated in cardiogenic shock and should not be initiated with congestive signs. Accordingly, we evaluated the role of ivabradine in acute HF patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 29 consecutive patients treated for acute HF in the Cardiac ICU, and for whom ivabradine was initiated during hospitalization between January 2011 and January 2014. All patients were in sinus rhythm and had a heart rate (HR) >70 bpm. Catecholamine use was necessary in 16 patients (57.1%) during the hospitalization, in 14 (87.5%) of these before ivabradine treatment. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure showed no variation during the first 24 h of ivabradine administration or at discharge. HR showed an absolute reduction of 10 bpm at 6 h (p < 0.001), 11 bpm at 24 h (p = 0.004) and 19 bpm (p < 0.001) at discharge. No episodes of significant bradycardia or hypotension were recorded after starting the drug. CONCLUSIONS: HR reduction with ivabradine in acute HF is well tolerated. It represents an attractive option, especially when there is excessive catecholamine-related tachycardia; this should be appropriately evaluated in randomized trials.