Correction to: Effects of behavioural activation on substance use and depression: a systematic review.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Motivation to quit as a predictor of smoking cessation and abstinence maintenance among treated Spanish smokers.

INTRODUCTION: Although quitting motivation predicts smoking cessation, there have been inconsistent findings regarding motivation predicting long-term maintenance of abstinence. Moreover, most such research has been conducted in North America and the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to examine motivation to quit as a predictor of smoking cessation and of abstinence maintenance in a Spanish sample. METHOD: The sample comprised 286 Spanish smokers undergoing psychological treatment for smoking cessation. Motivation to quit was assessed pre-treatment and post-treatment with the Readiness to Quit Ladder. Abstinence post-treatment and at 6month follow-up was biochemically verified. RESULTS: Participants with higher levels of pre-treatment and post-treatment motivation were more likely to be abstinent at the end of the treatment (OR=1.36) and at 6month follow-up (OR=4.88). Among abstainers at the end of the treatment (61.9%), higher levels of motivation to quit post-treatment predicted maintaining abstinence at 6months (OR=2.83). Furthermore, participants who failed to quit smoking reported higher levels of motivation to quit post-treatment than they had pretreatment (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Motivation to quit smoking predicted short and long-term cessation, and also predicted long-term maintenance of abstinence. These results have implications for understanding motivational processes of smoking cessation in general, while extending research to Spanish smokers. They may also help in the design of cessation and relapse-prevention interventions. Specifically, the results suggest that motivational enhancement is important throughout the cessation and maintenance periods.

Smoking cessation and depressive symptoms at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between tobacco and depressive symptoms has been examined. However, there is little information on the evolution of these symptoms when an individual quits. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of depressive symptoms over time (pre-, post-treatment, 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up) in relation to smoking status 12 months after having received a psychological treatment for smoking cessation. METHOD: The sample was made up of 242 adults who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation (64.4% women; mean age=41.71 years). The BDI-II was used to assess depressive symptomatology. Participants were classified into three groups according to smoking status at 12-months follow-up (abstainers, relapsers, and smokers). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in depressive symptoms among the three groups at pretreatment. At the end of treatment, abstainers and relapsers presented less depressive symptomatology than smokers. At follow-up, abstainers continued to present less depressive symptomatology than smokers, whereas in relapsers, symptoms began to increase as the relapses occurred. Regarding the evolution of depressive symptomatology, the abstainer and relapser groups showed a significant reduction at the end of treatment. Only in the group of abstainers did the decrease continue during 12 months follow-up. LIMITATIONS: The decrease of the initial sample size from 562 to 242 participants. Variables such as self-esteem and self-efficacy were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking cessation is associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology, that is maintained over time. In contrast, relapse is associated with an increase of such symptoms. These findings signify the potential importance of addressing depressive symptomatology in smoking cessation treatment.

[Do adolescents who use stimulants have a different personality?]. / Tienen una personalidad distinta los adolescentes consumidores de psicoestimulantes?

Stimulant consumption is especially important in our context because its use has greatly increased in recent years. The aim of the present study is to analyze the differences between stimulant users and nonusers (under 18 years old) in personality characteristics assessed with the MACI. The sample comprises 398 youths between 14 and 17 years old who were selected through random sampling in their homes or in recreational night spots. Results show important differences in personality features between stimulant users and nonusers. Stimulant users are characterized by having unruly, forceful, oppositional and borderline-tendency personality prototypes.

Subtypes of smokers who attend psychological treatment in order to stop smoking.

The aim of this study is to identify subtypes of smokers who attended psychological treatment during the period 2006-2008 for smoking cessation from a sample of current smokers (N = 202) from Galicia, Spain. Eight instruments were used for data collection. Demographic variables, smoking variables, and psychopathological characteristics were clustered to establish typologies of smokers. A two-phase cluster analysis identified two subtypes of smokers (141 in Cluster 1 and 61 in Cluster 2). Those in Cluster 2 were younger, and had made an attempt to quit in the last year. They presented higher levels of nicotine dependence and psychopathology than those in Cluster 1. Differences in nicotine withdrawal syndrome, cigarette consumption at the end of the treatment, and adherence to the treatment were significant across the two clusters.