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1.
Rev Sci Tech ; 38(1): 251-260, 2019 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31564726

RESUMO

One Health Surveillance (OHS) implements the One Health approach to improving health by collecting data and producing information to support integrated action across the animal health, human health and environment sectors. The purpose of this study was to survey the biosurveillance community to assess its OHS practices and capabilities, its attitudes towards OHS (perceived value), and the factors that motivate its members to implement OHS practices. The authors used a convenience sample of 185 professionals from multiple domains and 44 nations. They examined the extent to which these professionals implemented OHS, gathered their opinions on the value of OHS, assessed their perceptions of the capacity to perform specific OHS tasks and identified their priorities for change. Over 85% of all respondents said that they considered OHS to be beneficial, with no significant differences between work domains or country income groups; over 50% indicated that they already applied OHS. Obtaining access to data collected by other domains was both the most frequent challenge and the most difficult to improve. The highest priority for improvement was having the ability to send and receive electronic data. Respondents from low-income or middle-income countries were more motivated to make improvements than stakeholders from high-income countries. These findings provide a snapshot of current opinions and practices and, together with suggestions for improvements from professionals in the field, can help to target priority needs for OHS information, training and resources.


La surveillance Une seule santé opérationnalise la méthode Une seule santé pour une meilleure santé à travers la collecte de données et la production d'informations visant à soutenir la mobilisation transversale des secteurs de la santé animale, de la santé publique et de la santé environnementale en vue d'une action intégrée. Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une enquête menée auprès des professionnels en charge de la biosurveillance afin d'évaluer leurs pratiques et capacités en matière de surveillance Une seule santé, leurs attitudes à l'égard de cette surveillance (c'est-à-dire leur perception de l'intérêt de la démarche) et les facteurs susceptibles de les motiver à la mettre en oeuvre. Les auteurs ont procédé à un échantillonnage de commodité de 185 intervenants issus de plusieurs secteurs dans 44 pays. Ils ont ensuite analysé le niveau de mise en oeuvre de la surveillance Une seule santé chez ces intervenants, recueilli leurs opinions concernant l'intérêt de la démarche, évalué la perception qu'ils avaient de leur capacité à mener à bien certaine tâches spécifiques dans ce domaine et identifié leurs priorités en vue du changement. Plus de 85 % des répondants ont déclaré considérer la surveillance Une seule santé comme étant bénéfique, résultat ne présentant pas de corrélation significative avec le secteur professionnel des personnes interrogées ni avec le niveau de revenu de leur pays ; plus de 50 % des répondants ont par ailleurs indiqué qu'ils appliquaient déjà les principes d'une surveillance Une seule santé. La difficulté la plus fréquente et qui paraissait la plus difficile à résoudre était celle de pouvoir accéder aux données enregistrées par d'autres secteurs. La première des priorités identifiées en vue d'une amélioration concernait la capacité d'envoyer et de recevoir des données électroniques. La motivation à introduire des améliorations était plus forte chez les répondants des pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire que chez les parties prenantes des pays à revenus élevés. Ces résultats, qui offrent un instantané des opinions et des pratiques actuelles assorti de propositions concrètes d'amélioration formulées par les professionnels de terrain devraient pouvoir contribuer à cibler les besoins prioritaires en matière d'information, de formation et de ressources dédiées à la surveillance Une seule santé.


Practicar la vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud significa traducir esta idea en la práctica con el fin de mejorar la salud reuniendo datos y generando información a partir de la cual actuar de forma integrada en los sectores de la sanidad animal, la salud humana y el medio ambiente. Los autores describen un estudio de los círculos dedicados a la vigilancia biológica que tenía por objetivo evaluar sus procedimientos y capacidades de vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud, sus actitudes al respecto (valor atribuido) y los factores que los motivan a instaurar procedimientos concebidos desde la lógica de Una sola salud. Para ello los autores utilizaron una muestra de conveniencia de 185 profesionales de múltiples disciplinas y 44 países. Tras determinar en qué medida esos profesionales practicaban la vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud, les pidieron su opinión sobre la utilidad de este tipo de vigilancia, evaluaron la capacidad que subjetivamente se atribuían de efectuar labores específicas de vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud y determinaron aquellos cambios que esas personas juzgaban prioritarios. Más de un 85% de los encuestados dijo considerar beneficiosa la vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud, sin que se observaran diferencias significativas por ámbito de trabajo o por países según el grupo de ingresos. Más de un 50% afirmó que ya aplicaba este tipo de vigilancia. El problema señalado con más frecuencia y juzgado a la vez más difícil de resolver era el del acceso a datos obtenidos desde otros ámbitos de trabajo. El aspecto que más urgía mejorar era el de la capacidad de enviar y recibir datos electrónicos. Los encuestados de países de nivel bajo o medio de ingresos mostraban mayor motivación a la hora de introducir mejoras que sus homólogos de países de ingresos altos. Estas conclusiones, que ofrecen una «instantánea¼ de las opiniones y prácticas imperantes, pueden ayudar, junto con las propuestas de mejora procedentes de esos profesionales que trabajan sobre el terreno, a seleccionar las necesidades prioritarias de información, formación y recursos para la práctica de la vigilancia en clave de Una sola salud.


Assuntos
Motivação , Saúde Única , Recursos Humanos , Animais , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Recursos Humanos/normas , Recursos Humanos/tendências
2.
BMC Med Res Methodol ; 18(1): 72, 2018 07 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29976146

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There are an increasing number of geo-coded information streams available which could improve public health surveillance accuracy and efficiency when properly integrated. Specifically, for zoonotic diseases, knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns of animal host distribution can be used to raise awareness of human risk and enhance early prediction accuracy of human incidence. METHODS: To this end, we develop a spatiotemporal joint modeling framework to integrate human case data and animal host data to offer a modeling alternative for combining multiple surveillance data streams in a novel way. A case study is provided of spatiotemporal modeling of human tularemia incidence and rodent population data from Finnish health care districts during years 1995-2012. RESULTS: Spatial and temporal information of rodent abundance was shown to be useful in predicting human cases and in improving tularemia risk estimates in 40 and 75% of health care districts, respectively. The human relative risk estimates' standard deviation with rodent's information incorporated are smaller than those from the model that has only human incidence. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the integration of rodent population variables to reduce the uncertainty of tularemia risk estimates. However, more information on several covariates such as environmental, behavioral, and socio-economic factors can be investigated further to deeper understand the zoonotic relationship.


Assuntos
Vigilância da População/métodos , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/diagnóstico , Tularemia/diagnóstico , Zoonoses/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Finlândia/epidemiologia , Geografia , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Teóricos , Roedores , Análise Espaço-Temporal , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/prevenção & controle , Tularemia/epidemiologia , Tularemia/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle
3.
Rev Sci Tech ; 37(2): 729-739, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30747113

RESUMO

Rabies is one of the oldest recorded pathogens, with the broadest distribution of any known viral zoonosis. Antarctica is believed to be free of all lyssaviruses, but no laboratory-based surveillance has taken place to support this supposition. Re-introduction of the disease is possible in Pacific Oceania, as evidenced by a historical outbreak in Guam and the translocation of rabid bats to Hawaii. Australia is the only inhabited continent with enzootic rabies, without the presence of rabies virus. Europe and North America have broken the cycle of dog-mediated rabies, with a few remaining focal points in Latin America and the Caribbean, but wildlife rabies predominates. The greatest burden resides in the 'Old World'. The elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030 in Africa, Asia and the Middle East will not be simple, rapid or inexpensive, but it may be achievable through the use of widely available tools and the application of lessons learned during the course of the 20th century.


La rage est l'une des plus anciennes maladies infectieuses enregistrées et la zoonose virale la plus largement représentée dans le monde. On présume que l'Antarctique est indemne de tout lyssavirus mais cette hypothèse n'est étayée par aucune surveillance basée sur des analyses de laboratoire. Il existe une menace de réintroduction de la maladie en Océanie, comme l'ont révélé le foyer historique survenu à Guam ainsi que l'arrivée de chauves-souris enragées à Hawaï. L'Australie est le seul continent habité où la rage ne sévit pas à l'état enzootique, le virus de la rage y étant absent. L'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord ont mis fin au cycle de la rage transmise par les chiens, dont il ne subsiste que quelques rares foyers de propagation en Amérique latine ; en revanche, la rage sylvatique reste prépondérante dans ces régions. Le fardeau le plus lourd est supporté par l'Ancien Monde. L'élimination de la rage humaine transmise par les chiens à l'horizon 2030 en Afrique, en Asie et au Moyen-Orient ne sera pas une tâche facile, rapide ni exempte de coûts mais elle peut réussir grâce aux outils disponibles partout dans le monde et aux enseignements tirés de l'expérience acquise tout au long du xxe siècle.


La rabia, causada por uno de los patógenos más antiguos de los que hay constancia, presenta la distribución más amplia de cuantas zoonosis víricas se conocen. Se piensa que la Antártida está libre de todo tipo de lisavirus, pero no ha habido labores de vigilancia en laboratorio que prueben tal suposición. Oceanía está bajo la amenaza de reintroducción de la enfermedad, como demuestran el histórico brote registrado en Guam o el desplazamiento de murciélagos rabiosos a Hawái. Australia es el único continente habitado en el que no hay rabia enzoótica, esto es, en que el virus rábico no está presente. Europa y América del Norte han interrumpido el ciclo de la rabia transmitida por perros, de la que aún quedan contados focos en América Latina y el Caribe, aunque sigue prevaleciendo la rabia de la fauna silvestre. La carga más importante recae en el «Viejo Mundo¼. La eliminación de la rabia humana transmitida por perros para 2030 en África, Asia y el Oriente Medio no será sencilla, rápida ni barata, pero es factible si se emplean herramientas que ya están extendidas y se aplican las lecciones que hemos aprendido a lo largo del siglo XX.


Assuntos
Saúde Global , Raiva/veterinária , Animais , Animais Domésticos , Animais Selvagens , Humanos , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Zoonoses
4.
Rev Sci Tech ; 37(2): 703-709, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30747115

RESUMO

Rabies is still one of the deadliest diseases known to exist in the 21st century, and yet it remains irresponsibly neglected and underestimated. In light of this, this paper discusses the principles of governance as they relate to rabies control, using examples of global intersectoral coordination programmes for the control of canine rabies and for the elimination of human rabies transmitted by dogs. The first of these programmes was the Meeting of Rabies Program Directors of the Americas (REDIPRA), which has served as a model of intersectoral success for rabies elimination in other regions. Examples of intersectoral cooperation on several continents, mainly between the health and agriculture sectors, are detailed to discuss various methods of achieving better technical cooperation. These cooperation programmes follow the 'coalition model' set by REDIPRA. They bring together various actors, such as governments, non-governmental organisations, the private sector, the science and research community, international cooperation agencies and donors, under a common umbrella for advocacy and for the implementation of local projects for the elimination of human rabies transmitted by dogs. Networking is the main intersectoral governance mechanism presented in this review.


Bien qu'elle soit connue pour être l'une des maladies faisant le plus de victimes au xxie siècle, la rage demeure fortement négligée et sous-estimée, traduisant un déficit de responsabilité en la matière. À la lumière de cet état de fait, les auteurs examinent les principes de gouvernance applicables à la lutte contre la rage, en prenant pour exemples les programmes mondiaux destinés à assurer la coordination intersectorielle de la lutte contre la rage canine et de l'élimination de la rage humaine transmise par les chiens. Le premier des programmes examinés est celui mis en oeuvre par les Réunions des Directeurs des Programmes nationaux de contrôle de la rage en Amérique latine (REDIPRA), qui a servi de modèle dans d'autres régions du monde en tant qu'exemple de coopération intersectorielle réussie pour l'élimination de la rage. Les auteurs examinent en détail quelques exemples de coopération intersectorielle dans différents continents et portant pour la plupart sur les secteurs de la santé et de l'agriculture, ce qui les conduit à mettre en avant les méthodes permettant d'améliorer la qualité de la coopération technique. Ces programmes de coopération s'inspirent du « modèle de coalition ¼ inauguré par les REDIPRA. Ils réunissent plusieurs acteurs tels que les gouvernements, les organisations non gouvernementales, le secteur privé, la communauté des chercheurs et des scientifiques, les agences de coopération internationale et les donateurs, autour d'un objectif commun axé sur la promotion et la mise en oeuvre des projets locaux d'élimination de la rage humaine transmise par les chiens. Le travail en réseaux est le principal mécanisme de gouvernance intersectorielle présenté dans cette analyse.


La rabia es todavía una de las enfermedades más mortíferas que se conocen y aún subsisten en el siglo XXI, pese a lo cual sigue estando, de forma harto irresponsable, desatendida y subestimada. Ante tal realidad, los autores exponen los principios de la gobernanza en relación con la lucha antirrábica, ofreciendo ejemplos de programas de coordinación intersectorial a escala mundial para combatir la rabia canina y eliminar la rabia humana transmitida por perros. El primero de tales programas fue la «Reunión de directores de programas contra la rabia de las Américas¼ (REDIPRA), que después ha servido de modelo de labor intersectorial eficaz para la eliminación de la rabia en otras regiones. Tras describir en detalle ejemplos de cooperación intersectorial en varios continentes, básicamente entre los sectores de la agricultura y la salud, los autores examinan varios métodos para dotar de más eficacia a la cooperación técnica. Estos programas de cooperación siguen el «modelo de coalición¼ establecido por la REDIPRA: se trata de federar a distintos interlocutores (gobiernos, organizaciones no gubernamentales, entidades del sector privado, círculos científicos y de investigación, organismos de cooperación internacional, donantes, etc.) en torno a un designio común de sensibilización y aplicación de proyectos locales para eliminar la rabia humana transmitida por perros. El trabajo en red es el principal mecanismo de gobernanza intersectorial que presentan los autores en estas líneas.


Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Animais , Notificação de Doenças , Cães , Humanos , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia
5.
Rev Sci Tech ; 37(2): 711-727, 2018 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30747114

RESUMO

Rabies is a major neglected zoonotic disease, despite the availability of highly sensitive diagnostic tests and efficacious human and animal vaccines. Perpetuation of rabies among multiple species of bats and wild carnivores, together with the presence of diverse lyssaviruses, remains a challenge for the prevention and control of this disease. However, most of the global burden may be reduced by mass vaccination of dogs, the major reservoir. Elimination of human rabies mediated by dogs may be feasible, based upon the elicitation of herd immunity, the application of sound health economic principles for appropriate disease management and technology transfer to those developing countries where rabies is hyper-endemic. Global canine rabies elimination has clear benefits for public health, veterinary medicine and conservation biology, so these sectors must collaborate using a transdisciplinary 'One Health' approach that allows the creation of long-term regional strategies for enhanced surveillance and practical intervention.


La rage est une maladie zoonotique majeure, qui demeure négligée malgré l'existence de tests de diagnostic hautement sensibles et de vaccins efficaces chez l'homme comme chez l'animal. La persistance de la rage chez de nombreuses espèces de carnivores sauvages et de chauves-souris et la diversité des espèces de Lyssavirus continuent de poser des difficultés en termes de prévention et de lutte contre la maladie. Néanmoins, le fardeau mondial de la rage peut être considérablement réduit en pratiquant la vaccination massive des chiens, ces derniers constituant le principal réservoir. L'élimination de la rage transmise par les chiens est un objectif atteignable si l'on s'appuie sur des concepts solides en matière d'immunité à l'échelle des troupeaux, d'économie de la santé et de transfert technologique, tout en apportant des bénéfices mutuels accrus pour la santé publique, la médecine vétérinaire et la biologie de la conservation grâce à la mise en oeuvre d'une approche régionale pour la surveillance, les interventions, la certification et la collaboration pluridisciplinaire dans un contexte Une seule santé.


La rabia es una importante enfermedad zoonótica desatendida, y ello pese a que existen pruebas de diagnóstico de gran sensibilidad y vacunas de contrastada eficacia en personas y animales. La perpetuación de la rabia en múltiples especies de carnívoros silvestres y murciélagos y la presencia de diversos lisavirus siguen dificultando el trabajo de prevención y control de la enfermedad. Con todo, cabe reducir buena parte de la carga mundial que impone la rabia mediante la vacunación masiva de perros, que son su principal reservorio. Si se aplican conceptos sólidos en materia de inmunidad de rebaño, economía de la salud y transferencia de tecnología, abordando las labores de vigilancia, intervención, certificación y colaboración multidisciplinar desde una lógica regional y desde los postulados de «Una sola salud¼, la eliminación de la rabia humana transmitida por perros puede ser un objetivo factible y muy beneficioso para la salud pública, la medicina veterinaria y la biología de la conservación.


Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Saúde Global , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Animais , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/normas , Humanos
6.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 372(1725)2017 Jul 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28584176

RESUMO

Emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential are a stated priority for the global health security agenda, but endemic zoonoses also have a major societal impact in low-resource settings. Although many endemic zoonoses can be treated, timely diagnosis and appropriate clinical management of human cases is often challenging. Preventive 'One Health' interventions, e.g. interventions in animal populations that generate human health benefits, may provide a useful approach to overcoming some of these challenges. Effective strategies, such as animal vaccination, already exist for the prevention, control and elimination of many endemic zoonoses, including rabies, and several livestock zoonoses (e.g. brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever) that are important causes of human febrile illness and livestock productivity losses in low- and middle-income countries. We make the case that, for these diseases, One Health interventions have the potential to be more effective and generate more equitable benefits for human health and livelihoods, particularly in rural areas, than approaches that rely exclusively on treatment of human cases. We hypothesize that applying One Health interventions to tackle these health challenges will help to build trust, community engagement and cross-sectoral collaboration, which will in turn strengthen the capacity of fragile health systems to respond to the threat of emerging zoonoses and other future health challenges. One Health interventions thus have the potential to align the ongoing needs of disadvantaged communities with the concerns of the broader global community, providing a pragmatic and equitable approach to meeting the global goals for sustainable development and supporting the global health security agenda.This article is part of the themed issue 'One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being'.


Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde Global , Saúde Única , Zoonoses/prevenção & controle , Animais , Humanos
7.
Epidemiol Infect ; 143(14): 2911-22, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25876939

RESUMO

Disease prioritization is motivated by the need to ensure that limited resources are targeted at the most important problems to achieve the greatest benefit in improving and maintaining human and animal health. Studies have prioritized a range of disease types, for example, zoonotic and foodborne diseases, using a range of criteria that describe potential disease impacts. This review describes the progression of disease prioritization methodology from ad hoc techniques to decision science methods (including multi-criteria decision analysis, conjoint analysis and probabilistic inversion), and describes how these methods aid defensible resource allocation. We discuss decision science in the context of disease prioritization to then review the development of disease prioritization studies. Structuring the prioritization and assessing decision-makers' preferences through value trade-offs between criteria within the decision context are identified as key factors that ensure transparency and reproducibility. Future directions for disease prioritization include the development of validation techniques, guidelines for model selection and neuroeconomics to gain a deeper understanding of decision-making.


Assuntos
Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis/veterinária , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Animais , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Administração de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos
8.
Prev Vet Med ; 98(1): 29-38, 2011 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21040987

RESUMO

We describe the application of Bayesian hierarchical models (BHM) to the analysis of risk of sheep scrapie using data from multiple surveillance sources. More specifically, we analysed data from the test results of three surveillance sources on classical and atypical scrapie in Wales for the period 2002-2006. For each form of scrapie, a BHM was fitted to assess the occurrence of spatial patterns of risk shared by the multiple surveillance sources and the association between covariates and disease. We defined a shared-component model whereby the two types of data sources: exhaustive lists (e.g. reports of clinical cases) and sample-based data sources (e.g. abattoir survey) shared a common spatial pattern of risks at parish level. This shared component was adjusted by a risk-gradient parameter that moderated the individual contribution of the datasets. For both forms of scrapie, the risk-gradient was not significantly different indicating that the sensitivity of the two types of dataset was similar for the two diseases. The spatial patterns of the combinations of data sources appeared similar within disease. However, our results suggest that classical and atypical scrapie differ in their spatial patterns and disease determinants. The joint approach permitted inference from all the available evidence and resulted in robust and less biased estimates of risk, particularly for atypical scrapie where the number of observations was very limited.


Assuntos
Matadouros/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Scrapie/epidemiologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Bovinos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Ovinos , Processos Estocásticos , País de Gales/epidemiologia
9.
Prev Vet Med ; 85(3-4): 253-66, 2008 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18355934

RESUMO

In this paper, we apply one-list capture-recapture models to estimate the number of scrapie-affected holdings in Great Britain. We applied this technique to the Compulsory Scrapie Flocks Scheme dataset where cases from all the surveillance sources monitoring the presence of scrapie in Great Britain, the abattoir survey, the fallen stock survey and the statutory reporting of clinical cases, are gathered. Consequently, the estimates of prevalence obtained from this scheme should be comprehensive and cover all the different presentations of the disease captured individually by the surveillance sources. Two estimators were applied under the one-list approach: the Zelterman estimator and Chao's lower bound estimator. Our results could only inform with confidence the scrapie-affected holding population with clinical disease; this moved around the figure of 350 holdings in Great Britain for the period under study, April 2005-April 2006. Our models allowed the stratification by surveillance source and the input of covariate information, holding size and country of origin. None of the covariates appear to inform the model significantly.


Assuntos
Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Estatísticos , Scrapie/epidemiologia , Animais , Vigilância da População/métodos , Scrapie/patologia , Ovinos , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
10.
Vet Rec ; 159(24): 799-804, 2006 Dec 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17158710

RESUMO

Reports of clinical scrapie in Great Britain between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2002 were reviewed. Scrapie was confirmed in 4142 sheep on 1099 holdings. The cumulative case and holding incidence risks decreased in 2001, probably owing to the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, although there were regional variations. Sheep aged between three and four years old constituted the largest affected group. In the period between 1998 and 2002, 51.3 per cent of the cases had the genotype ARQ/VRQ, 19.3 per cent were ARQ/ARQ and 18.9 per cent were VRQ/VRQ; Swaledale, Shetland and Welsh mountain sheep were the most common pure breeds reported. The areas at highest risk were the Shetland Islands, followed by the south and east of England.


Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Scrapie/epidemiologia , Vigilância de Evento Sentinela/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Cruzamento , Feminino , Incidência , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Ovinos , Reino Unido/epidemiologia
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