Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Vírus da Influenza A , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Vison/virologia , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Neuraminidase/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterináriaRESUMO
In October 2022, an outbreak in Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) in intensively farmed minks occurred in northwest Spain. A single mink farm hosting more than 50,000 minks was involved. The identified viruses belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which is responsible of the ongoing epizootic in Europe. An uncommon mutation (T271A) in the PB2 gene with potential public health implications was found. Our investigations indicate onward mink transmission of the virus may have occurred in the affected farm.
Assuntos
Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1 , Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Aviária , Influenza Humana , Humanos , Animais , Influenza Aviária/epidemiologia , Vison , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/genética , Espanha/epidemiologia , Fazendas , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
On 30 September 2021, the city council of Muxia, Spain (population of 4,564 inhabitants), reported an unusual increase of patients with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Because geographically widespread villages belonging to the same water supply were affected, a waterborne outbreak was suspected. Overall, 115 probable cases were ascertained during epidemiological investigations carried out by the local health authority (attack rate, 5.7%); the age range was 0 to 92 years, and 54% were female. The main symptoms were vomiting (78.1%) and diarrhea (67.5%). Primary cases peaked on 29 September and subsided on 1 October, compatible with a point-source outbreak followed by possible secondary cases until 7 October. We conducted an unmatched case-control study using phone surveys. The case-control study included 62 cases and 46 controls. Univariate analysis showed that cases had a higher exposure to tap water through direct consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 18 to 409) or vegetable washing (OR = 27; 95% CI, 7 to 98). Norovirus GII was detected in two terminal points of the water supply system, and 14 cases were laboratory confirmed after detection of GII in stool samples. A unique genotype (GII.3[P12]) was identified in stool samples. On 1 October, a tap water ban was put in place and the water was purged and chlorinated. The rapid increase in the number of cases and its decline after implementing control measures suggested a waterborne point-source outbreak among the residents of Muxia sharing the same water distribution system. IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are likely to be underrecognized in most suspected waterborne outbreaks. Therefore, effective norovirus detection and the early recognition of water as a possible source of infection are important to reduce morbidity as appropriate steps are taken to control the source. In our study, we combined epidemiological, environmental, and microbiological investigations to demonstrate that it was a waterborne outbreak caused by norovirus. Metagenomic sequencing in one norovirus-positive stool sample confirmed norovirus etiology and the absence of other potential pathogens. Detection of fecal indicator bacteria and the fact that the drinking water was not chlorinated suggest a breakdown in chlorination as the cause of the outbreak. This outbreak investigation also demonstrated the importance of timely communication to the public about the risk linked to tap water consumption.
