Control sintomático y cuidados paliativos en pacientes que fallecen en un Servicio de Medicina Interna / No disponible

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas de los pacientes fallecidos en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Cruz Roja de Madrid durante el año 2007, analizando aquellos que fallecieron tras una fase de agonía (describiendo síntomas, control sintomático, fármacos usados y cuidados paliativos no farmacológicos). Material y métodos: se diseñó un estudio observacional retrospectivo donde se examinaron las historias clínicas, excluyendo aquellas que correspondían a pacientes que fallecieron a menos de 24 horas de su ingreso hospitalario o tras maniobras de reanimación avanzada. Resultado: de 861 pacientes ingresados fallecieron 42; el 87,5% fueron catalogados como agónicos y el síntoma principal que presentaron fue la disnea (85,7%), teniendo esta, al igual que los otros síntomas recogidos un control deficitario (sólo el 7,1% falleció con la totalidad de sus síntomas controlados). No se recogió, en las historias clínicas, ningún otro tipo de abordaje paliativo no farmacológico (psicosocial, espiritual o atención tras el duelo). Conclusiones: existe un porcentaje elevado de pacientes que fallecen en agonía en una planta de hospitalización convencional. Los síntomas recogidos en estos pacientes no difieren de los recogidos en las Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos, aunque predomina la disnea y es menos frecuente el dolor no controlado. El control sintomático es dificultoso, pero mejora al emplear fármacos habituales en cuidados paliativos (morfina, midazolam y butilescopolamina). No se recoge de manera habitual o sistemática el uso de cuidados paliativos no farmacológicos en las historias clínicas (AU)

Objective: the aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients who died in an Internal Medicine department during 2007, including those who passed over after a phase of agony (including symptoms, symptom control, drugs used, and non-pharmacological palliative care). Materials and methods: this was an observational prospective study that analyzed medical records, excluding those who died less than 24 hours after hospital admission or after advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Result: of 861 admissions 42 subjects died; 87.5% were catalogued as agonizing, and their main symptom was dyspnea (85.7%); control was in adequate for dyspnea as well as for other silent symptoms (only 7.1% died with all symptoms controlled). There were no references in their medical records to any other type of palliative non-pharmacological approach (psychosocial, spiritual, or grief care). Conclusions: there is a high percentage of patients who die in agony in conventional hospitalization wards. Symptoms collected from these patients do not differ from those seen in palliative care units, although dyspnea is most usual and uncontrolled pain is less frequent. Symptom control is difficult but improves with standard palliative drugs (morphine, midazolam and butylscopolamine). There were no systematic references to non-pharmacological palliative care in medical records (AU)

[Cholesterol in pleural fluid. Its usefulness in differentiating between exudates and transudates]. / Colesterol en líquido pleural. Utilidad en la diferenciación entre exudados y trasudados.

To analyze the usefulness of cholesterol levels in the differentiation of exudates and transudates. A 3.5-year prospective study of 170 patients with pleural discharge. Clinical microbiological and cyto-histological criteria were used for diagnosis. Exudates were classified by Light's criteria, by cholesterol > or = 45 mg/dl in pleural liquid, by a cholesterol in pleural liquid/cholesterol in serum quotient > or = 0.3 and by a finding of both LDH and cholesterol in pleural fluid. These criteria were compared with the final etiological diagnosis. Only pleural discharges with confirmed etiological diagnoses were analyzed. In the 130 pleural discharges for which certain etiological diagnoses were obtained, 33 were transudates and 97 were exudates. Light's criteria allowed accurate classification of 92 (95%) of the 97 exudates and 30 (91%) of the 33 transudates. The cholesterol in pleural liquid/cholesterol in serum quotient was the most productive and useful parameter (96% sensitivity, 97% specificity), better than pleural fluid cholesterol and the Light's criteria. The association of LDH and pleural fluid cholesterol classified 100% of the exudates, with efficacy similar to that of Light's criteria. The cholesterol in pleural fluid/serum quotient was the most useful biochemical variable. Cholesterol levels were about as useful as Light's criteria. The association of LDH and cholesterol allows us to bypass blood analyses for the diagnosis of exudates.

[Validity of the final diagnosis in the discharge reports of deceased patients in a teaching department of internal medicine]. / Validez de los diagnósticos finales de los informes de alta de los enfermos fallecidos en un servicio de Medicina Interna Docente.

In a transversal study with an observation period from January 1982 to December 1988, final diagnostics validity in discharge from hospital reports was analyzed, in those patients deceased in a Teaching Internal Medicine Department. We underline the use of terms such as "cardiorespiratory stop" or "possible, probable or could not be ruled out" as final diagnosis in 28.81% on the discharge from hospital reports in 812 deceased patients.