Microbiota en la salud humana: técnicas de caracterización y transferencia / Microbiota and Human Health: characterization techniques and transference

La microbiota es el conjunto de microorganismos que reside en nuestro cuerpo, que a su vez pueden diferenciarse según su comportamiento en comensales, mutualistas y patógenos. El conocimiento de este ecosistema se ha visto considerablemente incrementado tras la introducción de las técnicas de secuenciación masiva del gen 16S ARNr (gen ADNr 16S). Este avance ha supuesto una verdadera revolución en el conocimiento de la composición de la microbiota y de su implicación en los estados de salud y enfermedad del ser humano. En este documento se detallan los diferentes ecosistemas bacterianos que podemos encontrar en el cuerpo humano y las evidencias científicas que existen en relación con diferentes enfermedades. También se describe el procedimiento de transferencia de materia fecal, particularmente utilizado para el tratamiento de las recidivas de la diarrea por Clostridium difficile, y las bases metodológicas de las nuevas técnicas moleculares utilizadas en la caracterización de la microbiota

The human microbiota comprises all the microorganisms of our body, which can also be categorised as commensals, mutualists and pathogens according to their behaviour. Our knowledge of the human microbiota has considerably increased since the introduction of 16S rRNA next generation sequencing (16S rDNA gene). This technological breakthrough has seen a revolution in the knowledge of the microbiota composition and its implications in human health. This article details the different human bacterial ecosystems and the scientific evidence of their involvement in different diseases. The faecal microbiota transplant procedure, particularly used to treat recurrent diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile, and the methodological bases of the new molecular techniques used to characterise microbiota are also described

Microbiota and Human Health: characterization techniques and transference. / Microbiota en la salud humana: técnicas de caracterización y transferencia.

The human microbiota comprises all the microorganisms of our body, which can also be categorised as commensals, mutualists and pathogens according to their behaviour. Our knowledge of the human microbiota has considerably increased since the introduction of 16S rRNA next generation sequencing (16S rDNA gene). This technological breakthrough has seen a revolution in the knowledge of the microbiota composition and its implications in human health. This article details the different human bacterial ecosystems and the scientific evidence of their involvement in different diseases. The faecal microbiota transplant procedure, particularly used to treat recurrent diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile, and the methodological bases of the new molecular techniques used to characterise microbiota are also described.

The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota.

The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize the neonatal gut immediately following birth. The establishment and interactive development of this early gut microbiota are believed to be (at least partially) driven and modulated by specific compounds present in human milk. It has been shown that certain genomes of infant gut commensals, in particular those of bifidobacterial species, are genetically adapted to utilize specific glycans of this human secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example of host-microbe coevolution, where both partners are believed to benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried to dissect the composition and functionality of the infant gut microbiome and to explore the distribution across the different ecological niches of the infant gut biogeography of the corresponding microbial consortia, including those corresponding to bacteria and viruses, in healthy and ill subjects. Such analyses have linked certain features of the microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, to intestinal illnesses in infants or disease states that are manifested at later stages of life, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. Thus, a growing number of studies have reported on how the early human gut microbiota composition/development may affect risk factors related to adult health conditions. This concept has fueled the development of strategies to shape the infant microbiota composition based on various functional food products. In this review, we describe the infant microbiota, the mechanisms that drive its establishment and composition, and how microbial consortia may be molded by natural or artificial interventions. Finally, we discuss the relevance of key microbial players of the infant gut microbiota, in particular bifidobacteria, with respect to their role in health and disease.

Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección bacteriana asociada al parto y puerperio / Microbiological diagnosis of bacterial infection associated with delivery and postpartum

La infección en el recién nacido puede adquirirse a través del canal del parto por colonización materna, como la infección neonatal precoz por Streptococcus agalactiae, o por adquisición a través de la placenta, líquido amniótico o productos del parto. Tras el parto, el recién nacido que precisa ingreso hospitalario puede adquirir infecciones nosocomiales durante su estancia y de forma excepcional, a través de la lactancia, por mastitis infecciosa o por incorrecta manipulación de la leche materna propia o donada de bancos de leche, lo que no obliga a suspender la lactancia en la mayoría de las ocasiones pero sí a establecer un tratamiento. Por los motivos expuestos es necesario establecer un correcto diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones perinatales, especialmente relevantes en el recién nacido pretérmino de bajo o muy bajo peso con una elevada mortalidad

The newborn may acquire infections during delivery due to maternal colonization of the birth canal, by microorganisms such as Streptococcus agalactiae that caused early neonatal infection, or acquisition through the placenta, amniotic fluid or birth products. After birth, the newborn that needs hospitalization can develop nosocomial infections during their care and exceptionally through lactation by infectious mastitis or incorrect handling of human milk, which does not require to stop breastfeeding in most cases. It is important and necessary to perform microbiological diagnosis for the correct treatment of perinatal infections, especially relevant in preterm infants with low or very low weight with high mortality rates

[Microbiological diagnosis of bacterial infection associated with delivery and postpartum]. / Diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección bacteriana asociada al parto y puerperio.

The newborn may acquire infections during delivery due to maternal colonization of the birth canal, by microorganisms such as Streptococcus agalactiae that caused early neonatal infection, or acquisition through the placenta, amniotic fluid or birth products. After birth, the newborn that needs hospitalization can develop nosocomial infections during their care and exceptionally through lactation by infectious mastitis or incorrect handling of human milk, which does not require to stop breastfeeding in most cases. It is important and necessary to perform microbiological diagnosis for the correct treatment of perinatal infections, especially relevant in preterm infants with low or very low weight with high mortality rates.