Biosecurity measures in European beekeeping.

Emerging pathogens of honey bees represent an important threat to the development of the beekeeping sector. The implementation of biosecurity measures in beekeeping (BMBs) plays an essential role in supporting honey bee health within the beekeeping sector. A group of experts, in collaboration with the BPRACTICES (Grant Agreement No. 696231, European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems [ERA-Net SusAn]) project partners, has provided the definition of BMBs. Thus, BMBs are all those operational activities implemented to control the risk of introduction and spread of specific honey bee disease agents. In this paper, the BMBs in the European beekeeping context are identified for the most relevant honey bee diseases in Europe: varroosis, American foulbrood (AFB), European foulbrood (EFB), nosemosis and aethinosis. Moreover, BMBs were classified in â€Ëœcategories' adapted to consider productivity and the â€ËœOne Health' approach: human health, honey bee health and protection of the environment. The 84 BMBs described by the panel of experts were ranked according to the priority score attributed. The implementation of BMBs represents an essential step forwards to increase the resilience and sustainability of European beekeeping.

L'émergence de nouveaux agents pathogènes chez les abeilles mellifères représente une menace importante pour le développement du secteur apicole. La mise en oeuvre de mesures de biosécurité en apiculture est déterminante pour préserver la santé des abeilles mellifères dans les élevages. En collaboration avec des partenaires du projet BPRACTICES (convention de subvention n° 696231, programme ERA-Net SusAn [European Research Area on Sustainable Animal Production Systems]), un groupe d'experts a élaboré un cadre définissant ces mesures de biosécurité. Sont définies comme mesures de biosécurité en apiculture toutes les activités opérationnelles mises en oeuvre pour contrôler le risque d'introduction et de propagation d'agents pathogènes affectant spécifiquement les abeilles mellifères. Les auteurs décrivent les mesures de biosécurité applicables, dans le contexte apicole européen, aux maladies les plus importantes en Europe : la varroose, la loque américaine, la loque européenne, la nosémose et l'infestation par Aethina tumida. En outre, les mesures de biosécurité en apiculture ont été regroupées en « catégories ¼ afin de prendre en compte la productivité et l'approche « Une seule santé ¼ : santé humaine, santé des abeilles mellifères et protection de l'environnement. Les 84 mesures de biosécurité en apiculture décrites par le groupe d'experts ont été classées en fonction du niveau de priorité qui leur a été attribué. La mise en oeuvre de ces mesures représente une étape cruciale pour accroître la résilience et la durabilité de l'apiculture européenne.

Los agentes patógenos emergentes que afectan a la abeja melífera suponen una importante amenaza para el desarrollo del sector apícola. La aplicación de medidas de seguridad biológica dentro de este sector cumple una función esencial para proteger la salud de las abejas. En colaboración con asociados en el proyecto BPRACTICES (acuerdo de subvención nº 696231, programa ERA-Net SusAn [Espacio Europeo de Investigación - «Sistemas sostenibles de producción animal¼]), un grupo de expertos definió las «medidas de seguridad biológica en apicultura¼ como todas aquellas acciones realizadas para controlar el riesgo de penetración y propagación de agentes patógenos de la abeja melífera. Los autores, situándose en el contexto de la apicultura europea, exponen las medidas de seguridad biológica que ayudan a controlar las principales enfermedades de la abeja melífera en Europa: varroosis, loque americana, loque europea, nosemosis y aethinosis (infestación por el escarabajo de las colmenas). Por otra parte, estas medidas fueron divididas en diferentes «categorías¼ para poder tener en cuenta las cuestiones de productividad y el enfoque de «Una sola salud¼: salud humana, salud de la abeja melífera y protección del medio ambiente. Las 84 medidas de seguridad biológica en apicultura que describió el cuadro de expertos fueron jerarquizadas en función de una puntuación atribuida por su nivel de prioridad. La aplicación de este tipo de medidas representa un crucial paso adelante para conferir más resiliencia a la apicultura europea y hacerla más sostenible.

Tuberculosis, Brucellosis and Leucosis in Cattle: A Cost Description of Eradication Programmes in the Region of Lazio, Italy.

The eradication of tuberculosis, brucellosis and leucosis in cattle has not yet been achieved in the entire Italian territory. The region of Lazio, Central Italy, represents an interesting case study to evaluate the evolution of costs for these eradication programmes, as in some provinces the eradication has been officially achieved, in some others the prevalence has been close to zero for years, and in still others disease outbreaks have been continuously reported. The objectives of this study were i) to describe the costs for the eradication programmes for tuberculosis, brucellosis and leucosis in cattle carried out in Lazio between 2007 and 2011, ii) to calculate the ratio between the financial contribution of the European Union (EU) for the eradication programmes and the estimated total costs and iii) to estimate the potential savings that can be made when a province gains the certification of freedom from disease. For the i) and ii) objectives, data were collected from official sources and a costing procedure was applied from the perspective of the Regional Health Service. For the iii) objective, a Bayesian AR(1) regression was used to evaluate the average percentage reduction in costs for a province that gained the certification. The total cost for the eradication programmes adjusted for inflation to 1 January 2016 was estimated at 18 919 797 euro (5th and 95th percentiles of the distribution: 18 325 050-19 552 080 euro). When a province gained the certification of freedom from disease, costs decreased on average by (median of the posterior distribution) 47.5%, 54.5% and 54.9% for the eradication programmes of tuberculosis, brucellosis and leucosis, respectively. Information on possible savings from the reduction of control costs can help policy makers operating under budget constraints to justify the use of additional resources for the final phase of eradication.

Control and eradication of tuberculosis in cattle: a systematic review of economic evidence.

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of zoonotic importance for which control and eradication programmes have been carried out in many countries for decades. While the impact of these programmes on public health is still uncertain, the impact on trade is significant because of movement restrictions for animals, costs of testing and culling. The objective of this systematic review was to provide a contribution to the general debate over costs against benefits for the control and eradication of bovine TB in cattle. The search strategy was performed on four electronic databases following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The selection process, data abstraction and quality appraisal were carried out according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. The search identified 66 articles out of which eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The evidence gathered in this review by combining the conclusions of the most methodologically sound articles supports the idea that, when multiple cost and benefit components are taken into account, efforts to control or eradicate bovine TB may be effective in reducing disease prevalence, economically viable and worth doing.