RESUMO
The toxicity of aluminum or zinc from either sacrificial anodes (SA) or their sulfate salts (SS) was evaluated in sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) embryos or sperm exposed to Al(III) or Zn(II) (SA or SS, 0.1-10 microM), scoring developmental defects (DDs), fertilization rate (FR), and mitotic abnormalities. A significant DD increase was observed in SS, but not SA Al(III)- and Zn(II)-exposed embryos vs. controls. Both Al(III) and Zn(II), up to 10 microM, from SA and SS, inhibited mitotic activity and induced mitotic aberrations in exposed embryos. SA-Al(III)-exposed sperm displayed a significant FR increase, unlike Al(III) sulfate overlapping with controls. Both SA-Zn(II) and Zn(II) sulfate sperm exposure resulted in a significant FR increase. The offspring of SA-Al(III)-exposed sperm displayed a significant DD decrease, unlike Al(III) sulfate exposure. Zinc sulfate sperm exposure resulted in a significant increase in offspring DDs, whereas SA-Zn(II) sperm exposure decreased DDs. Together, exposures to SA-dissolved Al(III) or Zn(II) resulted in lesser, if any toxicity, up to hormesis, compared to SS. Studies of metal speciation should elucidate the present results.
Assuntos
Compostos de Alúmen/toxicidade , Eletrodos , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouriços-do-Mar/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Sulfato de Zinco/toxicidade , Compostos de Alúmen/química , Animais , Aberrações Cromossômicas/induzido quimicamente , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Fertilização/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Anormalidades Musculoesqueléticas/induzido quimicamente , Anormalidades Musculoesqueléticas/embriologia , Ouriços-do-Mar/embriologia , Ouriços-do-Mar/genética , Solubilidade , Espectrofotometria Atômica , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Purificação da Água/instrumentação , Sulfato de Zinco/químicaRESUMO
Mimosa tannin and phenol-based synthetic tannin (syntan) were tested for toxicity to sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis) early development and to marine algal growth (Dunaliella tertiolecta). Sea urchin embryogenesis was affected by vegetable tannin and syntan water extracts (VTWE and STWE) at levels >or=1mg/L. Developmental defects were significantly decreased at VTWE and STWE levels of 0.1 and 0.3mg/L when control cultures displayed suboptimal quality, i.e. <70% "viable" (normal or retarded) larvae. Fertilization success of sea urchin sperm was increased up to 0.3 mg/L STWE or VTWE, then was inhibited by increasing tannin levels (1-30 mg/L). Offspring abnormalities, following sperm exposure to VTWE or STWE, showed the same shift from hormesis to toxicity. Cell growth bioassays in D. tertiolecta exposed to VTWE or STWE (0.1-30 mg/L) showed non-linear concentration-related toxicity. Novel criteria are suggested in defining control quality that should reveal hormetic effects.
