Effects of organophosphorus insecticides: effects of trichlorfon and dichlorvos on the immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio). III. In vitro effects on lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytosis and in vivo effects on humoral response.

Cells isolated from the pronephros of carp were incubated in vitro with the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon or dichlorvos, each of which is used in aquaculture to eliminate fish ectoparasites. Dose-dependent suppressive effects were observed in assays for lymphocyte proliferation and myeloid cell respiratory burst activities. Dichlorvos given by bath in vivo did not affect antibody production against Yersinia ruckeri even if the spleen and kidney were obviously contaminated according to acetylcholinesterase activity analysis. Some blood parameters of nonspecific immunity (ceruloplasmin, lysozyme, hemagglutinins) were slightly affected.

In vivo effect of the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon on the immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio). I. Effect of contamination on antibody production in relation to residue level in organs.

The organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon was tested at medium (10 and 20 ppm) and high concentrations (20,000 ppm) on antibody production against Yersinia ruckeri vaccine. No statistically significant effect was observed on humoral response or on hematocrit. Contamination of organs was analyzed by acetylcholinesterase activity. At 20,000 ppm only liver and brain were highly contaminated; spleen and lymphocytes were not significantly contaminated. At 20 ppm no residue was found in organs.

In vivo effect of the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorphon on immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio). II. Effect of high doses of trichlorphon on nonspecific immune response.

The effect of trichlorphon, one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides, on the nonspecific immune response in carp (Cyprinus carpio) was studied. The effect of 20,000 ppm trichlorphon on the immune response was followed for 3 and 56 days after intoxication. The effect of 10,000 ppm trichlorphon on the nonspecific immune response of carp experimentally infected by Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Aeromonas punctata was also examined. Leucocyte number, phagocytic ability of neutrophils, percentage NBT-positive PMN cells, phagocytic index, lysozyme level in serum, and ceruloplasmin activity in plasma were examined on Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 after carp were exposed. After intoxication leukopenia was observed as decreases in phagocytic ability of neutrophils and in phagocytic index. Lysozyme level in serum was also decreased compared to that of control. The percentage of NBT-positive PMN cells decreased when the ceruloplasmin activity in plasma increased in intoxicated fish.

Effect of manganese ions on the immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Yersinia ruckeri.

The effect of manganese ions Mn2+ (Mn Cl2) on hematocrit and the antibody response of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated after exposure of fish to contaminated water for 2.5 months. Contamination of water with 50 mg/l Mn2+ did not decreased antibody production against Yersinia ruckeri (measured by agglutination) but significantly decreased hematocrit. The levels of manganese in lymphoid organs (spleen and kidney) increased progressively during the experiment. The effect of manganese in vitro on phagocytosis of opsonized Yersinia ruckeri was studied by chemiluminescence. Mn2+ has a stimulating effect on phagocytosis in a range of 6.25 to 50 mg/l.

Effect of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) on carp (Cyprinus carpio). I. Effect of chronic intoxication on humoral immunity in relation to tissue pollutant levels.

Lindane, the gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, one of the most widely used insecticides, was incorporated into carp food for 109 days. The effects of 10, 100, or 1000 ppm of lindane in food on hematocrits and on antibody production against Yersinia ruckeri bacterin in sera and mucus were followed for 79 days. No effect of lindane on these parameters and on spleen weight was observed. Lymphoid organs, spleen and kidney, were as highly contaminated at the beginning of the inoculation (Day 30) as at the end of the experiment. The tissue levels of lindane in liver, spleen, kidney, or whole body, determinated after 30 and 109 days of contamination, indicated that the tissue distribution was dependent on organ lipid contents.

Effect of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) on carp (Cyprinus carpio). II. Effects of chronic intoxication on blood, liver enzymes, and muscle plasmic membrane.

A 30-day ingestion of gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) by carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced hypoglycemia without activation of two hepatic gluconeogenesis enzymes (fructose diphosphatase, EC 4.1.2.13, and glucose-6-phosphatase, EC 3.1.3.9) and hyponatremia and variations in muscle plasmic membrane-bound enzymes (especially cholinesterases, EC 3.1.1.7). After 109 days carps exhibited a decrease in natremia but no significant hypoglycemia. There was an activation of gluconeogenesis enzymes. Important changes were observed in the activities of muscle plasmic membrane enzymes (especially 5'-nucleotidase, EC 3.1.3.5, and ATPases, EC 3.6.1.3). Lindane, a lipophilic substance, especially disturbed the activity of membrane-bound enzymes enclosed in a phospholipid matrix.

Basal plasma corticosterone level after bilateral selective lesions of the olfactory pathways in the rat.

In comparison to control rats, basal plasma corticosterone level and lactacidemia significantly increased in rats submitted to a bilateral lesion of the lateral olfactory tract and/or the anterior branch of the anterior commissure. Only the lesion of the anterior branch of the anterior commissure induced hyperglycemia; that of the lateral olfactory tract exerted an opposite effect.

Structure-activity relationship of stress-inducing odorants in the rat.

The stress for 12 sulfur-containing synthetized volatiles was evaluated in male Wistar rats and compared to that for fox-dropping extract concentrate. Stress behavior was analyzed by quantifying various stress responses in a standard open field and measuring the increase in plasma corticosterone concentration. Nine compounds induced stress-a dihydrothiazole, two cyclic polysulfides, five mercaptoketones, and a mercaptan. For the mercaptoketones, the following structure-activity relationships were observed. Size can vary considerably; the mercapto group can be either alpha or beta and either secondary or tertiary. The keto group is not essential, since a structurally related mercaptan remains active. The mercapto group is essential for activity in mercaptoketones, since conversion to a methyl sulfide resulted in a neutral response. This type of odorant could function as an allomone and may have potential in rat control as an area repellent.