Identification of Binding Sites on Human Serum Albumin for Somapacitan, a Long-Acting Growth Hormone Derivative.

Somapacitan, a human growth hormone derivative that binds reversibly to albumin, was investigated for human serum albumin (HSA) and HSA domain binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) binding profiles showed high-affinity binding (∼100-1000 nM) of one somapacitan molecule and low-affinity binding (∼1000-10000 nM) of one to two somapacitan molecules to HSA. The high-affinity site was identified in HSA domain III using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and ITC. SEC studies showed that the neonatal Fc receptor shields one binding site for somapacitan, indicating its position in domain III. A crystal structure of somapacitan in complex with HSA optimized for neonatal Fc receptor binding, having four amino acid residue replacements, identified a low-affinity site in fatty acid-binding site 6 (domain II). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed these replacements affect the kinetics of the high-affinity binding site. Furthermore, small-angle X-ray scattering and SPR brace two somapacitan-binding sites on HSA.

Enhanced potency of recombinant factor VIIa with increased affinity to activated platelets.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) enhances thrombin generation in a platelet-dependent manner; however, rFVIIa binds activated platelets with relatively low affinity. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-like transcript (TLT)-1 is expressed exclusively on activated platelets. OBJECTIVE: To enhance the potency of rFVIIa via binding TLT-1. METHODS: Recombinant FVIIa was conjugated to a TLT-1 binding Fab. In vitro potency of this platelet-targeted rFVIIa (PT-rFVIIa) was evaluated using factor X activation assays and by measuring viscoelastic changes in whole blood. In vivo potency was evaluated using a tail vein transection model in F8-/- mice expressing human TLT-1. RESULTS: PT-rFVIIa and rFVIIa had similar dissociation constant values for tissue factor binding and similar tissue factor-dependent factor X activation. However, PT-rFVIIa had increased catalytic efficiency on TLT-1-loaded vesicles and activated platelets. The in vitro potency in normal human blood with antibody-induced hemophilia A was dependent on assay conditions used; with maximally activated platelets, the half maximal effective concentration for clot time for PT-rFVIIa was 49-fold lower compared with rFVIIa. In the murine bleeding model, a 53-fold lower half maximal effective concentration was observed for blood loss for PT-rFVIIa, supporting the relevance of the assay conditions with maximally activated platelets. In vitro analysis of blood from subjects with hemophilia A confirmed the data obtained with normal blood. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the affinity of rFVIIa to activated platelets resulted in approximately 50-fold increased potency both in vitro and in the mouse model. The correlation of in vivo with in vitro data using maximally activated platelets supports that these assay conditions are relevant when evaluating platelet-targeted hemostatic concepts.