Relevance and feasibility of principles for health and environmental risk decision-making.

Globally, national regulatory authorities are both responsible and accountable for health and environmental decisions related to diverse products and risk decision contexts. These authorities provided regulatory oversight and expedited market authorizations of vaccines and other therapeutic products during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regulatory decisions regarding such products and situations depend upon well-established risk assessment and management steps. The underlying processes supporting such decisions were outlined in frameworks describing the complex interactions between factors including risk assessment and management steps as well as principles which help guide risk decision-making. In 2022, experts in risk science proposed a set of 10 guiding principles, further examining the intersection and utility of these principles using 10 diverse risk contexts, and inviting a broader discourse on the application of these principles in risk decision-making. To add to this information, Canadian regulatory practitioners responsible for evaluating health and environmental risks and establishing policies convened at a Health Canada workshop on Principles for Risk Decision-Making. This review reports the results derived from this interactive engagement and provides a first pragmatic analysis of the relevance, importance, and feasibility of such principles for health and environmental risk decision-making within the Canadian regulatory context.

Barriers and facilitators for interventions to improve ART adherence in Sub-Saharan African countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The HIV/AIDS pandemic remains a significant public health issue, with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at its epicentre. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been introduced to decrease new infections and deaths, SSA reports the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS, constituting two-thirds of the global new infections. This review aimed to elucidate the predominant barriers and facilitators influencing ART adherence and to identify effective strategies to enhance ART adherence across SSA. METHODS: A comprehensive review was conducted on studies examining barriers to ART adherence and interventions to boost adherence among HIV-positive adults aged 15 and above in SSA, published from January 2010 onwards. The research utilized databases like Medline Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus. Included were experimental and quasi-experimental studies, randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, comparative before and after studies, and observational studies such as cross-sectional, cohort, prospective and retrospective studies. Two independent reviewers screened the articles, extracted pertinent data, and evaluated the studies' methodological integrity using Joanna Briggs Institute's standardized appraisal tools. The compiled data underwent both meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. RESULTS: From an initial pool of 12,538 papers, 45 were selected (30 for narrative synthesis and 15 for meta-analysis). The identified barriers and facilitators to ART adherence were categorized into seven principal factors: patient-related, health system-related, medication-related, stigma, poor mental health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural-related factors. Noteworthy interventions enhancing ART adherence encompassed counselling, incentives, mobile phone short message service (SMS), peer delivered behavioural intervention, community ART delivery intervention, electronic adherence service monitoring device, lay health worker lead group intervention and food assistance. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in ART adherence between the intervention and control groups (pooled OR = 1.56, 95%CI:1.35-1.80, p = <0.01), with evidence of low none statistically significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, p = 0.49). CONCLUSION: ART adherence in SSA is influenced by seven key factors. Multiple interventions, either standalone or combined, have shown effectiveness in enhancing ART adherence. To optimize ART's impact and mitigate HIV's prevalence in SSA, stakeholders must consider these barriers, facilitators, and interventions when formulating policies or treatment modalities. For sustained positive ART outcomes, future research should target specific underrepresented groups like HIV-infected children, adolescents, and pregnant women in SSA to further delve into the barriers, facilitators and interventions promoting ART adherence.

Barriers and facilitators to ART adherence among ART non-adherence people living with HIV in Cameroon: A qualitative phenomenological study.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) needs to be taken for life with near perfect levels of adherence for it to be effective. Nonetheless, ART non-adherence is still observed in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries such as Cameroon. The objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing non-adherence and or adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH) who have experienced non-adherence to ART in Cameroon. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study of PLWH who have experienced non-adherence with ART in Cameroon was conducted. Data were collected using in-depth interviews. Collected data were analyzed using the NVIVO 12 software. RESULTS: In total, 43 participants participated in this study. The Southwest and Littoral regions each contributed 15 (34.88%) of participants, participants' mean age was 37.1 years (SD: 9.81) and majority 34 (82.93%) were females. ART adherence barriers include those related to patient (forgetfulness, business with other things, unwillingness to swallow drugs daily), medication (side effects), health service (arrogance of caregivers, occasional drug shortages at treatment centre, poor counseling of patient), stigma (fear of status disclosure), use of alternative treatment (traditional medicine, prayers and deliverance), resource limitation (limited food, limited finances), environmental/social (limited or no home support), and political instability (disruption of free circulation by ghost towns, roadblocks and gunshots in some regions). ART adherence facilitators include social support (family and peer support), aligning treatment with patient's daily routines (align ART with schedule of family members), use of reminders (phone alarm, sound of church bell), health sector/caregiver support (messages to patient, financial support, proper counseling), and patient's awareness of HIV status/ART knowledge (awareness of HIV positive status, Knowledge of ART benefits). CONCLUSION: ART adherence barriers in Cameroon include those related to patient, medication, health service, stigma, use of alternative treatment, resource limitation, environmental/social, and political instability. ART adherence facilitators include social support, aligning treatment with patient's daily routines, use of reminders, health sector/caregiver support, and patient's awareness of HIV status/ART knowledge. Given these barriers and facilitators, continuous information provision and consistent support both from patients' families and caregivers are needed to improve adherence among patients. Further studies including many regions and larger samples using both in-depth and focused group discussions as well as quantitative approaches are required to uncover the burden related to ART non-adherence.

An in-depth qualitative study of health care providers' experiences of performance-based financing program as a nation-wide adopted policy in Cameroon: A principal-agent perspective.

OBJECTIVES: The study applies the principal-agent approach to explore providers' experiences before and after the introduction of performance-based financing (PBF) in Cameroon, challenges and facilitators in the implementation process, and mechanisms in place to ensure sustainability. METHODS: The study was an in-depth qualitative study whose goal was to provide multiple descriptions of experiences and insights from a principal-agent analysis perspective. Purposive sampling was used to identify the key characteristics of the participants relevant to the study. A snowballing technique was used to further identify eligible participants. Only healthcare providers who were exposed to the previous system and could reflect on and provide meaningful data that captured the everyday experiences before and after the implementation of PBF were included. Data were collected from three districts in the Southwest region of Cameroon from May 2021 to August 2021. Data were transcribed and analyzed using MaxQDA. RESULTS: A total of 17 interviews and 3 focus group discussions (24 participants) were conducted with healthcare providers and key stakeholders involved in PBF. The respondents described a range of changes that they had experienced since the introduction of PBF. Each of these changes was categorized as either positive or negative. Positive changes were framed into 14 dominant categories: motivation, negotiations, innovation, resource allocation, autonomy, decentralization, transparency, improved quality of care, separation of function, performance, equity considerations, opportunity to recruit, participation in decision-making, and improved access to and utilization of maternal health services. The main challenges (negative experiences) reported were framed into nine categories: management of change, retention issues, conflict of interest, poor understanding of the PBF concept, resistance to change, verification challenges, delays in payment of PBF incentives, data entry and documentation, and challenges in meeting the equity considerations of the poor and vulnerable. Despite the challenges, providers preferred the decentralized approach to the centralized system. CONCLUSION: PBF is a national strategy for achieving universal health coverage in Cameroon, and the experiences of providers provide a vital guide to refine national policy. The introduction of PBF has provided positive changes to providers' quality of care when compared to the previous system. Addressing the delays in PBF payments will help to overcome the challenges to implementation and provide opportunities for health facilities to be more efficient and improve their performance. Despite the limitations of delay in payment, PBF helps to align the incentives of the health workers (agent) with those of the Ministry of Health (principal).

A systematic review of the effect of performance-based financing interventions on out-of-pocket expenses to improve access to, and the utilization of, maternal health services across health sectors in sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: Performance-based financing (PBF) assumes that subsidizing user fees for maternal health services to reduce out-of-pocket expenses will expand coverage and reduce inequities in access to maternal health services. It is usually associated with process changes, and the idea that increasing a facility's resources from PBF interventions can improve the availability of equipment, drugs, and medical supplies at the facility, has an indirect effect on out-of-pocket expenses. Assessment of complex interventions such as PBF requires consideration of specific underlying assumption or theories of change. Such assessment will allow a better and broader understanding of the system's strengths and weaknesses, where the gaps lie, whether the theory of change is sound, and will inform policy design and implementation. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) checklist, we performed a systematic review and a critical appraisal of selected studies using the risk-of-bias criteria developed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care. We used the Grading of Recommendation and Evaluation, Development and Assessment framework for assessing the overall strength of the evidence. Results: After the abstract screening (n = 9873), we deemed 302 as relevant for full-text screening and assessed 85 studies for review eligibility. Finally, we included 17 studies in the review. We could not conduct a meta-analysis, so we report a narrative synthesis. As an add-on to an existing payment mechanism, PBF may facilitate the removal of operational barriers to enhance utilization of certain maternal health services in some contexts, especially in public facilities. Conclusions: PBF strategies may potentially decrease out-of-pocket expenses for specific maternal health services, especially in settings that have already instituted some form of user fee exemption policies on maternal health services. The implementation of PBF can be considered a potential access instrument in reducing out-of-pocket expenses to stimulate demand for maternal services. However, the implementation approaches employed will determine utilization, taking into consideration existing equitable and inequitable access characteristics which vary by context. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020222893.

Prevalence and factors associated with HIV treatment non-adherence among people living with HIV in three regions of Cameroon: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In Cameroon, HIV care decentralization is enforced as a national policy, but follow-up of people living with HIV (PLWH) is provider-driven, with little patient education and limited patient participation in clinical surveillance. These types of services can result in low antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of ART non-adherence among PLWH in Cameroon. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study of PLWH in HIV treatment centres in Cameroon was conducted. Only PLWH, receiving treatment in a treatment centre within the country, who had been on treatment for at least six months and who were at least 21 years old were included in the study. Individuals were interviewed about their demographics and ART experiences. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using STATA version 14. RESULTS: A total of 451 participants participated in this study, 33.48% were from the country's Southwest region. Their mean age was 43.42 years (SD: 10.42), majority (68.89%) were females. Overall proportion of ART non-adherence among participants was 37.78%, 35.88% missed taking ART twice in the last month. Reasons for missing ART include forgetfulness, business and traveling without drugs. Over half of participants (54.67%) know ART is life-long, 53.88% have missed ART service appointments, 7.32% disbelieve in ART benefits, 28.60% think taking ART gives unwanted HIV Status reminder and 2.00% experienced discrimination seeking ART services. In the multivariate analysis, odds of ART non-adherence in participants aged 41 and above was 0.35 times (95%CI: 0.14, 0.85) that in participants aged 21-30 years, odds of ART non-adherence comparing participants who attained only primary education to those who attained higher than secondary education was 0.57 times (95%CI: 0.33, 0.97) and the odds of ART non-adherence in participants who are nonalcohol consumers was 0.62 times (95%CI: 0.39, 0.98) that in alcohol consumers. CONCLUSION: High proportion of participants are ART non-adherent, and the factors significantly associated with ART non-adherence include age, education and alcohol consumption. However, some reasons for missing ART are masked in participants' limited knowledge in taking ART, disbelief in ART benefits, feelings that ART gives unwanted HIV status reminder and experiencing discrimination when seeking ART services. These underscores need to improve staff (health personnel) attitudes, staff-patient-communication, and proper ART prior initiation counselling of patients. Future studies need to focus on assessing long-term ART non-adherence trends and predictors using larger samples in many treatment centres and regions.

Chronic noncancer pain management: Integration of a nurse-led program in primary care.

PROBLEM ADDRESSED: Chronic noncancer pain is often excessively managed with medications (most notably opioids) instead of nonpharmacologic options or multidisciplinary care-the gold standards. OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM: To offer an effective alternative to pharmacologic management of chronic noncancer pain in primary care. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: Patients 18 years of age or older with chronic noncancer pain were referred by family physicians or nurse practitioners in a family health team (outpatient, multidisciplinary clinic) in Ottawa, Ont. A registered nurse used the Pain Explanation and Treatment Diagram with patients, taught self-management skills (related to habits [smoking, consumption of alcohol, diet], exercise, sleep, ergonomics, and psychosocial factors), and referred patients to relevant resources. CONCLUSION: A nurse-led chronic pain program, initiated without extra funding, was successfully integrated into a primary care setting. Among the participating patients in the pilot project, outcomes related to pain intensity, pain interference with daily living, and opioid use were encouraging. This program could serve as a model for improving chronic noncancer pain management in primary care.

Examining the Implementation of the Performance-Based Financing Equity Strategy in Improving Access and Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Cameroon: A Qualitative Study.

Performance-based financing (PBF)-a supply-side strategy that incentivizes health providers based on predefined quality and quantity criteria-introduced an innovative approach to reaching the poor by means of using PBF equity instruments. These PBF equity instruments include paying providers more to reach out to poor women, selecting services used by the poor, subsidizing user fees to reduce out-of-pocket expenses, and adding complementary demand-side intervention. Before the implementation of the PBF equity instrument in Cameroon, there were few initiatives/schemes to enable the poor to access maternal health services. Moreover, there is a significant research gap on how the equity elements are defined and implemented across contexts. This study aims to understand (i) how health facilities define and classify the poor and vulnerable in the context of PBF, (ii) how the equity elements are implemented at the community and facility levels, and (iii) the potential impact on access to and the use of maternal health services at the facility level and challenges in the implementation process. We used key informant interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) based on a grounded theory approach to gain an understanding of the social processes and experiences. Data were collected from three districts in the Southwest region of Cameroon from April 2021 to August 2021. Data were transcribed and analyzed using MaxQDA. The thematic analysis approach/technique was used to analyze data. Key informant interviews and focus groups were conducted with 79 participants, including 28 health professionals and service administrators, 27 pregnant women, and 24 community health workers in three districts. Health facilities employed various subjective approaches to assess and define poor and vulnerable (PAV) persons. Home visits were reported to have an impact in reaching the poor and vulnerable to improve access to maternal services. Meanwhile, a delay in the payment of PBF incentives was reported to be the main challenge that had a negative relationship with the consistent provision of care to the poor and vulnerable, especially in private health facilities. The theory generated from our findings suggests that the impact of the PBF equity elements specific to maternal health depends on (i) a shared understanding of the definition of PAV among different stakeholders, including providers and users, as well as how the PAV is operationalized (structure), and (ii) the appropriate and timely payment of incentives to health facilities and health providers.

Adherence barriers and interventions to improve ART adherence in Sub-Saharan African countries: A systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to be a major public health concern, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite efforts to reduce new infections and deaths with the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), SSA countries continue to bear the heaviest burden of HIV/AIDS globally, accounting for two-thirds of global new infections. The goal of this review is to identify common barriers to ART adherence as well as common effective interventions that can be implemented across SSA countries to improve ART adherence. METHODS: A systematic review of published studies on adult HIV-positive patients aged 15 or above, that have assessed the barriers to ART adherence and interventions improving patients' adherence to ART in SSA countries shall be conducted. We will conduct electronic searches for articles that have been published starting from January 2010 onwards. The databases that shall be searched will include Medline Ovid, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus. The review will include experimental and quasi-experimental studies such as randomized and non-randomized controlled trials as well as comparative before and after studies, and observational studies-cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, prospective and retrospective studies. Two independent reviewers will screen all identified studies, extract data and appraise the methodological quality of the studies using standard critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute. The extracted data will be subjected to a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. DISCUSSION: This review will synthesize existing evidence on ART adherence barriers and strategies for improving patient adherence to ART in SSA countries. It will identify common barriers to adherence and common interventions proven to improve adherence across SSA. We anticipate that the findings of this review will provide information policy makers and stakeholders involved in the fight against HIV, will find useful in deriving better ways of not only retaining patients on treatment but having them adhere to their treatment. REVIEW REGISTRATION: This protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO); registration number CRD42021262256.

The link between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: A scoping review.

LAY ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal distress and gut microbial imbalances are commonly found in children with autism spectrum disorder, and therefore may play a key role in the development of the disorder. This scoping review aimed to examine the extent, range and nature of research conducted in the past 6 years that focused on furthering our understanding of autism spectrum disorder and its association with gut microbiota. A literature review was performed with predetermined key words. Studies were screened and selected based on defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 19 studies were included for final analysis. While there are continuous reports of differences in gut microbiota between autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical individuals, knowledge about the consistency in the presence and abundance of bacterial species, as well as metabolites, remains deficient. Treatments such as special diets, vitamin, prebiotic, probiotic, and microbiota transfer therapy show promising therapeutic potential, yet are in their infancy of investigation. Overall, further research with rigorous methodologies is required to support and strengthen the reliability of existing findings. Future research should aim to increase sample sizes, eliminate biases, and subgroup autism spectrum disorder groups to help accommodate for inter-individual variation. As increasing evidence of a unique autism spectrum disorder microbiome and metabolome is acquired, autism spectrum disorder-specific biomarkers can be identified. These biomarkers have great implications in terms of elucidating the molecular mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder, preventing the onset of autism spectrum disorder, and improving treatments for individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of the 5As of Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational weight gain (GWG) outside of the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines may be harmful to women and their fetuses. Prenatal health care providers (HCPs) are important sources of health information, but not all discuss GWG with their patients. The Canadian Obesity Network's 5As (ask, assess, advise, agree, and assist) of Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain (5As) is a tool developed to help HCPs counsel their patients on GWG. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the 5As tool on patient perceptions of GWG discussions with their HCP and to identify suggestions to improve the tool. METHODS: A quasiexperimental study design was conducted whereby HCPs were trained in using the 5As tool (intervention). Patients were then queried at baseline and postintervention using an electronic questionnaire measuring patient-perceived 5As counseling. Inclusion criteria for pregnant women were (1) currently attending their first appointment with participating HCPs, (2) English-speaking, and (3) over 18 years of age. RESULTS: One hundred pregnant women (50 baseline, 50 postintervention) and 15 HCPs (11 midwives, 4 obstetricians) participated. Participants receiving care from 5As-trained HCPs reported scores twice as high (P = .047) in being asked about and were approximately 3 times more likely to be advised an exact amount of target weight gain (P = .03). HCPs suggested improving patient handouts and HCP education on GWG guidelines as well as reducing the content presented in the 5As tool. DISCUSSION: The 5As Tool is effective at initiating HCP-mediated GWG counseling; further research is needed to examine the usefulness of the 5As in clinical practice throughout the length of a full pregnancy. Whether the uptake of the 5As tool contributes to prenatal behavior change remains to be established. Future steps include modifying the tool based on HCP feedback, the development of novel knowledge translation tools, and improved HCP and patient education.

Thoughts on the ethics of gestational surrogacy: perspectives from religions, Western liberalism, and comparisons with adoption.

BACKGROUND: In gestational surrogacy, a woman incubates an embryo to which she is not genetically related. Genetic distance from both her and the commissioning parents is increased further when donor gametes are employed. Ethical implications vary depending on the extent to which the parents and surrogates share genetic material with the produced child. PURPOSE: This paper seeks to address two primary questions: What do selected ethical frameworks tell us of (1) the relationship between genetic motherhood, gestational motherhood, social motherhood, and marital fidelity? And (2) the effects of gestational surrogacy and gamete donation on our understanding of lineage and heritability? METHODS: Current literature and thought on these questions were considered through the classical ethics lenses of religion, the adoption standard, and Western liberalism. RESULTS: A genetic link between the parents and the child serves to simplify the adoption process (if one is required) and supports a family's desire to resemble as much as possible a traditional biological family, thus providing a minimum set of challenges to religious or conservative hesitations. CONCLUSION: Inasmuch as gestational surrogacy, with or without donor gametes, is tolerated in a variety of ethical contexts; the basis of its acceptance may be the Western liberal celebration of contractual agreement.

Gestational weight gain counselling gaps as perceived by pregnant women and new mothers: Findings from the electronic maternal health survey.

PROBLEM: Too much or too little gestational weight gain (GWG) can negatively impact maternal and fetal health, according to Institute of Medicine Guidelines. BACKGROUND: Health care providers are key players in providing reliable evidence-informed prenatal advice related to appropriate GWG. However, there appears to be inconsistent GWG communication among healthcare providers during prenatal care. AIM: To determine pregnant women and new mothers' perceptions of healthcare provider GWG and dietary counselling during the pregnancy period. METHODS: A reliable and validated cross-sectional electronic survey was administered to currently pregnant women and women who had recently given birth. The web-based questionnaire was self-administered and took 10-25min. FINDINGS: A total of 1507 eligible women participated in the survey. More than half (57%) reported that their healthcare provider talked to them about personal weight gain limits. Of these participants, about a third (34%) of participants were counselled regularly at each or most visits. Among the women that were not counselled on personal GWG limits, over half (56%) reported that healthcare provider guidance would have been helpful to achieve their target weight. Less than half (45%) of participants reported that their healthcare providers discussed dietary requirements or changes in pregnancy. DISCUSSION: These findings highlight areas for improvement in prenatal dialogue, which can support better outcomes for both mother and baby. CONCLUSION: A better understanding of pregnant and mothers' perceptions about weight and diet counselling is needed to understand what may need greater attention and clarification and to improve such dialogue.

High maternal self-efficacy is associated with meeting Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: Fetal exposure to an intrauterine environment affected by maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain increases the likelihood of infants born large for gestational age and childhood obesity. This study examined behavioural factors and lifestyle practices associated with women's perceived attainability of meeting the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) weight gain guidelines. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from pregnant (n = 320) and postpartum (n = 1179) women who responded to the validated Canadian Electronic Maternal (EMat) health survey. Consenting women completed the survey through REDCap™ a secure, web-based data capture platform. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate correlates associated with meeting or not meeting IOM recommendations. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for relevant behavioural and sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between adjusted and unadjusted ORs for self-efficacy, barriers, and facilitators to weight gain during pregnancy. Women who reported worry regarding weight gain were significantly less likely to meet IOM guidelines (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.33-0.69). Perceived controllability of behaviour was significantly associated with meeting IOM guidelines. An internal locus of control for weight gain was associated with an increased odds of meeting guidelines when women perceived to be in control of their weight gain (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.29-2.37), healthy and exercised (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.34-2.71), and when no barriers to healthy weight gain were perceived (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.04-1.95); whereas, an external locus of control in which women viewed weight gain as beyond their control, was associated with a significantly reduced odds of achieving guidelines (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.39-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy and perceived controllability of behaviour are key factors to consider when developing pregnancy-specific interventions to help women achieve guideline-concordant weight gain and ensure the downstream health of both mother and infant.

Radon, an invisible killer in Canadian homes: perceptions of Ottawa-Gatineau residents.

OBJECTIVES: Canadians have reason to care about indoor air quality as they spend over 90% of the time indoors. Although indoor radon causes more deaths than any other environmental hazard, only 55% of Canadians have heard of it, and of these, 6% have taken action. The gap between residents' risk awareness and adoption of actual protective behaviour presents a challenge to public health practitioners. Residents' perception of the risk should inform health communication that targets motivation for action. In Canada, research about the public perception of radon health risk is lacking. The aim of this study was to describe residents' perceptions of radon health risks and, applying a theoretical lens, evaluate how perceptions correlate with protection behaviours. METHODS: We conducted a mixed online and face-to-face survey (N = 557) with both homeowners and tenants in Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area. Descriptive, correlation, and regression analyses addressed the research questions. RESULTS: Compared to the gravity of the risk, public perception remained low. While 32% of residents expressed some concern about radon health risk, 12% of them tested and only 3% mitigated their homes for radon. Residents' perceptions of the probability and severity of the risk, social influence, care for children, and smoking in home correlated significantly with their intention to test; these factors also predicted their behaviours for testing and mitigation. CONCLUSION: Health risk communication programs need to consider the affective aspects of risk perception in addition to rational cognition to improve protection behaviours. A qualitative study can explore the reasons behind the gap between testing and mitigation.

Inconsistent Weight Communication Among Prenatal Healthcare Providers and Patients: A Narrative Review.

IMPORTANCE: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is an independent and modifiable factor for a healthy pregnancy. Gestational weight gain above or below the Institute of Medicine Guidelines has been shown to impact both maternal and fetal health (eg, gestational diabetes, hypertension, downstream obesity). Healthcare providers (HCPs) have the potential to be reliable sources of evidence-based weight information and advice during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to summarize the literature assessing GWG discussions between patients and their HCPs in a clinical setting to better understand the knowledge that is currently being exchanged. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature review was conducted by searching Ovid Medline, CINAHL, and Embase databases. All relevant primary research articles in English that assessed GWG discussions were included, whereas intervention studies were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 54 articles were included in this review. Although the overall prevalence and content of GWG counseling varied between studies, counseling was often infrequent and inaccurate. Healthcare providers tended to focus more on women experiencing obesity and excessive GWG, as opposed to the other body mass index categories or inadequate GWG. Women of higher socioeconomic status, older age, nulliparous, history of dieting, low physical activity, and those categorized as overweight/obese were more likely to receive GWG advice. Patients also reported receiving conflicting facts between different HCP disciplines. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence regarding GWG counseling in prenatal care remains variable, with discrepancies between geographic regions, patient populations, and HCP disciplines. RELEVANCE: Healthcare providers should counsel their pregnant patients on GWG with advice that is concordant with the Institute of Medicine Guidelines.

Advanced maternal age: ethical and medical considerations for assisted reproductive technology.

OBJECTIVES: This review explores the ethical and medical challenges faced by women of advanced maternal age who decide to have children. Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) make post-menopausal pregnancy physiologically plausible, however, one must consider the associated physical, psychological, and sociological factors involved. METHODS: A quasi-systematic review was conducted in PubMed and Ovid using the key terms post-menopause, pregnancy + MeSH terms [donations, hormone replacement therapy, assisted reproductive technologies, embryo donation, donor artificial insemination, cryopreservation]. Overall, 28 papers encompassing two major themes (ethical and medical) were included in the review. CONCLUSION: There are significant ethical considerations and medical (maternal and fetal) complications related to pregnancy in peri- and post-menopausal women. When examining the ethical and sociological perspective, the literature portrays an overall positive attitude toward pregnancy in advanced maternal age. With respect to the medical complications, the general consensus in the evaluated studies suggests that there is greater risk of complication for spontaneous pregnancy when the mother is older (eg, >35 years old). This risk can be mitigated by careful medical screening of the mother and the use of ARTs in healthy women. In these instances, a woman of advanced maternal age who is otherwise healthy can carry a pregnancy with a similar risk profile to that of her younger counterparts when using donated oocytes.

Writing skills enhancement for public health professionals in Rwanda.

In 2013, Canadian scholars delivered a 1-week workshop to 30 junior public health professionals in Rwanda. The goal was to improve the Rwandans' skills and confidence with respect to writing scientific papers for submission to international peer-reviewed global health journals. As a result of the workshop, there was a statistically significant improvement in participants' reported confidence in many aspects of navigating the publishing process, but no improvement in confidence regarding statistically analyzing their data. Remarkably, as a group, participants were able to write an article for a leading international journal, which was subsequently published. Results indicate that similar interventions would be both successful and well received, especially if targeted to individuals at a similar stage of career progress.

Factors associated with body mass index among slum dwelling women in India: an analysis of the 2005-2006 Indian National Family Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: Urbanization is increasing around the world, and in India, this trend has translated into an increase in the size of slum dwellings whose environments are suspected of being associated with poor health outcomes, particularly those relating to women's nutritional status. With this study, we sought to determine the factors associated with Indian women's body mass index (BMI) in slum environments, with special attention paid to women with tribal status. METHODS: A multiple linear regression analysis was performed on data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (2005-2006), modeling demographic and behavioral factors suspected of being associated with BMI, with additional focus on the measures of social class, specifically caste and tribal status. RESULTS: Increasing BMI is significantly and positively associated with frequency of watching television, having diabetes, age, wealth index, and residency status in the areas of New Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, or Tamil Nadu. CONCLUSION: Although belonging to a scheduled tribe was not associated with changes in BMI, unadjusted rates suggest that tribal status may be worthy of deeper investigation. Among slum dwellers, there is a double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition. Therefore, a diverse set of interventions may be required to improve the health outcomes of these women.

Ethics education for pediatric residents: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Ethics education and research on medical residents is needed because, unlike medical students or experienced doctors, medical residents have to perform multiple roles simultaneously - student, teacher and clinician - thus exposing them to unique ethical stressors. In this paper we reviewed the literature concerning ethics education in postgraduate pediatrics training programs. Our goal was not to simply describe educational strategies and programs, but also to explore measurements and experiences of current practices to address gaps in ethics education during residency. METHOD: We conducted a structured literature review to explore the extent of ethics education in pediatric residency programs. RESULTS: Twelve relevant studies were found. The studies suggest that existing training regimens are insufficient to meet the real life ethical challenges experienced in actual practice, particularly with respect to palliative care and the commission of clinical errors. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing diversity of culture and beliefs in the clinical workplace is also serving to complicate educational needs. An interdisciplinary approach, spread over the entirety of a physician's training, is a proposed solution worthy of more attention.