Response of liver to lipopolysaccharide treatment in male and female rats.

Gender is considered to be an important factor in endotoxin-induced tissue damage. Our aim was to examine the role of sex on the prooxidant-antioxidant status, necrotic and apoptotic events in the liver of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rats. We determined levels of lipid peroxides, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, and expressions of apoptosis-related proteins, antiapoptotic B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic Bax, caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell numbers in the liver. Hepatic histopathology and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities were also investigated. Male and female Wistar rats (180-200 g) were injected with LPS (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and examinations were performed 6 h after the injection. Significant increases in hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and diene conjugate levels were observed in male and female rats following LPS treatment. However, there were no changes in hepatic glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C levels together with superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities. LPS treatment caused significant increases in serum ALT and AST activities and lymphocyte infiltration and necrotic changes in the livers. Bcl-2 and Bax expressions, caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell numbers were also found to be increased in both groups. In conclusion, no sex-dependent difference was observed in the changed hepatic prooxidant-antioxidant status of rats following LPS treatment. Besides, the process leading to apoptosis and necrosis in the liver showed a similar pattern in both gender of rats.

Heme oxygenase-1 prevents hyperthyroidism induced hepatic damage via an antioxidant and antiapoptotic pathway.

BACKGROUND: The exact pathogenesis of hepatic dysfunction in hyperthyroidism is still unknown. We aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of liver dysfunction caused by hyperthyroidism through inducing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. METHODS: Rats were divided into six groups: untreated (group 1), treated with zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) (group 2), treated with hemin (group 3), treated with tri-iodothyronine (T3) (group 4), treated with T3 and ZnPP (group 5), and treated with T3 and hemin (group 6). After 22 d, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes and the expression of HO-1, mitochondrial permeability transition, cytochrome c, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-3 activity, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay were examined. RESULTS: Hyperthyroidism induced oxidative stress of liver tissue was ameliorated by HO-1 induction. Administration of hemin (HO-1 inducer) increased Bcl-2 expression. Decreased expression of cytochrome c was accompanied by a decrease in caspase-3, caspase-8, Bax expression, and caspase-3 activity. The apoptotic activity and oxidative damage were found to be increased by the administration of ZnPP (HO-1 inhibitor). Immunohistochemistry findings supported these results. CONCLUSION: HO-1 induction plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of the liver dysfunction in hyperthyroidism. This effect is dependent on modulation of the antiapoptotic and antioxidative pathways by HO-1 expression.

Effects of high methionine diet on oxidative stress in serum, apo-B containing lipoproteins, heart, and aorta in rabbits.

This study investigated in rabbits whether a high methionine (HM) diet influences oxidative stress parameters in serum, apo-B containing lipoproteins (LDL+VLDL), heart, and aorta. Rabbits received a normal commercial chow supplemented with 2% L-methionine (w/w) for 6 mo (approximately 1 g/kg body wt/day). Serum homocysteine (HCys), malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugate (DC), and cholesterol levels were found to be increased, but protein carbonyl (PC) and triglyceride levels remained unchanged in the HM group as compared to controls. Cholesterol, endogenous DC, and copper-induced MDA levels were significantly higher in the LDL+VLDL fraction of plasma lipoproteins in the HM group. MDA and DC levels were found to be increased in homogenates of heart and aorta in the HM group. The HM diet caused significant increases in cardiac glutathione peroxidase activity, but glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C levels and superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase activities remained unchanged. There were no significant differences in the cholesterol levels and histopathological findings in the aortas of the control vs the HM group. This study demonstrates that a HM diet induces oxidative stress in serum, apo-B containing lipoproteins, heart, and aorta in rabbits.

I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein and their relation to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a Turkish population.

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a central role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms of the CETP gene can influence levels of serum lipoproteins. It has been reported that mean HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are low in Turkish population. Thus, we investigated the frequencies of the common I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the CETP gene and their relation to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a Turkish population. The variant allele frequencies of I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the CETP gene were found to be 0.38 and 0.46, respectively and similar to some of the European populations. Subjects for the VV genotype of I405V polymorphism had higher HDL-C levels than did II subjects. The covariance analysis showed that gender and triglyceride (TG) levels have an effect on the association of HDL-C and I405V polymorphism. In conclusion, our results indicate that I405V polymorphism may affect the HDL-C levels in Turkish population. The association of this polymorphism and HDL-C levels could be modified by other factors, such as gender and TG levels.

Neurotrophins: are they meaningful in chronic spontaneous urticaria?

Plasma neurotrophin levels are elevated in patients with allergic and autoimmune diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the serum neurotrophin levels in 42 patients displaying chronic spontaneous urticaria, as well as 22 healthy control subjects. Blood samples were obtained from subjects during their first visit to the clinic, and then again after one month of desloratadine therapy. No significant difference was found between patient and control groups in terms of basal serum neurotrophin levels. However, basal nerve growth factor levels in patients whose symptoms persisted despite treatment were significantly lower than those of the drug-responsive patients and the control group. In treatment-responsive patients, nerve growth factor increased after suppression of the symptoms. Our study suggests that chronic spontaneous urticaria is linked with changes serum nerve growth factor levels, and that the deregulation of neurotrophins may contribute to urticaria pathophysiology.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) in induced sputum of asthmatics: a new look to an old marker.

BACKGROUND: Some cellular and soluble markers of inflammation in induced sputum have been used for studying airway inflammation in asthma. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of systemic inflammation marker serum amyloid A (SAA) in blood and induced sputum to monitor the airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. METHOD: Seventeen non-smokers newly diagnosed mild to moderate asthmatic patients and 10 healthy volunteers were included in this prospective parallel designed study. Inflammatory cell counts, SAA and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured in sera and induced sputum of both groups. All tests were repeated in the asthma group after 6 months of inhaled steroid therapy. The diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility of sputum and blood SAA were estimated. RESULTS: Serum and induced sputum SAA and ECP levels, sputum eosinophils and neutrophils of untreated asthmatic patients were significantly greater compared to the control group. Sputum and sera SAA levels and sputum neutrophils remained unchanged after the 6 months of anti-inflammatory therapy, although ECP levels, sputum eosinophils and macrophages were significantly reduced. The area under the curve (AUC) for sputum SAA was found equal to AUC for sputum ECP (0.87). The reproducibility of sputum SAA was satisfactory (ICC=0.84) as well. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that systemic inflammatory marker SAA may be used as a reliable inflammatory marker in asthma. The facts that whether it remarks an ongoing inflammation unresponsive to treatment in the airways or reflects a systemic inflammation needs to be clarified with further studies.