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1.
BMC Vet Res ; 19(1): 268, 2023 Dec 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38087358

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Accurate measurement of disease associated with endemic bacterial agents in pig populations is challenging due to their commensal ecology, the lack of disease-specific antemortem diagnostic tests, and the polymicrobial nature of swine diagnostic cases. The main objective of this retrospective study was to estimate temporal patterns of agent detection and disease diagnosis for five endemic bacteria that can cause systemic disease in porcine tissue specimens submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2017 to 2022. The study also explored the diagnostic value of specific tissue specimens for disease diagnosis, estimated the frequency of polymicrobial diagnosis, and evaluated the association between phase of pig production and disease diagnosis. RESULTS: S. suis and G. parasuis bronchopneumonia increased on average 6 and 4.3%, while S. suis endocarditis increased by 23% per year, respectively. M. hyorhinis and A. suis associated serositis increased yearly by 4.2 and 12.8%, respectively. A significant upward trend in M. hyorhinis arthritis cases was also observed. In contrast, M. hyosynoviae arthritis cases decreased by 33% average/year. Investigation into the diagnostic value of tissues showed that lungs were the most frequently submitted sample, However, the use of lung for systemic disease diagnosis requires caution due to the commensal nature of these agents in the respiratory system, compared to systemic sites that diagnosticians typically target. This study also explored associations between phase of production and specific diseases caused by each agent, showcasing the role of S. suis arthritis in suckling pigs, meningitis in early nursery and endocarditis in growing pigs, and the role of G. parasuis, A. suis, M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae disease mainly in post-weaning phases. Finally, this study highlighted the high frequency of co-detection and -disease diagnosis with other infectious etiologies, such as PRRSV and IAV, demonstrating that to minimize the health impact of these endemic bacterial agents it is imperative to establish effective viral control programs. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this retrospective study demonstrated significant increases in disease diagnosis for S. suis, G. parasuis, M. hyorhinis, and A. suis, and a significant decrease in detection and disease diagnosis of M. hyosynoviae. High frequencies of interactions between these endemic agents and with viral pathogens was also demonstrated. Consequently, improved control programs are needed to mitigate the adverse effect of these endemic bacterial agents on swine health and wellbeing. This includes improving diagnostic procedures, developing more effective vaccine products, fine-tuning antimicrobial approaches, and managing viral co-infections.


Assuntos
Actinobacillus suis , Artrite , Endocardite , Infecções por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma hyorhinis , Mycoplasma hyosynoviae , Streptococcus suis , Doenças dos Suínos , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Iowa/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Universidades , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Artrite/veterinária , Endocardite/veterinária
2.
mSphere ; 8(6): e0040423, 2023 Dec 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37861318

RESUMO

IMPORTANCE: This study highlights a Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) strain isolated from an outbreak in Indiana, which resulted in mortality events among a swine herd in 2021. The Indiana outbreak strain was found to be genetically and phylogenetically distant to a strain isolated from the 2019 outbreaks in Ohio and Tennessee, which caused high swine mortality. We also discovered multiple unique genetic features in the Indiana outbreak strain, including distinct S. zooepidemicus genomic islands, and notable S. zooepidemicus virulence genes-many of which could serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis of this strain. These findings provide significant insights into monitoring and potentially preventing severe outbreaks caused by the Indiana outbreak strain in the future.


Assuntos
Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus equi , Suínos , Animais , Feminino , Streptococcus equi/genética , Indiana/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/epidemiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Genômica , Surtos de Doenças
3.
Microb Pathog ; 180: 106172, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37230257

RESUMO

Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract in swine with the typical clinical presentations of arthritis and polyserositis in postweaning pigs. However, it has also been associated with conjunctivitis and otitis media, and recently has been isolated from meningeal swabs and/or cerebrospinal fluid of piglets with neurological signs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of M. hyorhinis as a potential pathogen associated with neurological clinical signs and central nervous system lesions in pigs. The presence of M. hyorhinis was evaluated in a clinical outbreak and a six-year retrospective study by qPCR detection, bacteriological culture, in situ hybridization (RNAscope®), and phylogenetic analysis and with immunohistochemistry characterization of the inflammatory response associated with its infection. M. hyorhinis was confirmed by bacteriological culture and within central nervous system lesions by in situ hybridization on animals with neurological signs during the clinical outbreak. The isolates from the brain had close genetic similarities from those previously reported and isolated from eye, lung, or fibrin. Nevertheless, the retrospective study confirmed by qPCR the presence of M. hyorhinis in 9.9% of cases reported with neurological clinical signs and histological lesions of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. M. hyorhinis mRNA was confirmed within cerebrum, cerebellum, and choroid plexus lesions by in situ hybridization (RNAscope®) with a positive rate of 72.7%. Here we present strong evidence that M. hyorhinis should be included as a differential etiology in pigs with neurological signs and central nervous system inflammatory lesions.


Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma hyorhinis , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos , Mycoplasma hyorhinis/genética , Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Filogenia , Sistema Nervoso Central
4.
Prev Vet Med ; 204: 105670, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35594605

RESUMO

Combinations of 2 nucleic acid extractions and 3 Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) PCRs (namely Protocol 1, 2, 3, and 4) were compared in terms of the probability of detecting DNA in pen-based oral fluid samples as a function of within-pen MHP prevalence. Oral fluid samples were created by randomly assigning 39 7-week old pigs to one of 5 pens, i.e., negative control pen (3 pigs) and 4 pens of 9 pigs each that differed in the proportion of MHP-inoculated pigs (1, 3, 6, or 9). Deep tracheal swabs were collected twice weekly to establish individual pig MHP infection status and derive within-pen prevalence estimation. On DPI 3, tracheal swabs from 15 of 19 inoculated pigs were MHP DNA positive. Oral fluids (n = 320) were collected daily from - 4 to 59 days post inoculation (DPI). Using a piecewise exponential model to account for within-pen transmission dynamics followed by a mixed-effect logistic regression, the probability of detecting MHP DNA in oral fluids was positively associated with within-pen prevalence (P < 0.0001) and differed among test protocols. MHP DNA was detected in 173 oral fluid samples with Protocol 3 versus 148, 134, and 101 with Protocols 4, 2, and 1, respectively. At 100% within-pen prevalence, the probability of detecting MHP DNA in oral fluids was highest using Protocol 3 (95.7%), followed by Protocols 4 (70.1%), 2 (60.1%), and 1 (34.0%). The fact that PCR protocols performed differently suggests that further improvements in extraction methods and MHP PCRs are possible. In the field, the dynamics of MHP infections should be taken into account if using oral fluid samples in surveillance.


Assuntos
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/genética , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Probabilidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico
5.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 34(2): 323-326, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35000500

RESUMO

Three calves were submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnostic evaluation following an abrupt increase in morbidity and mortality in a calf herd associated with epistaxis and widespread hemorrhage. Each of the submitted calves had moderate-to-severe hemorrhage within various tissues and body cavities, including the thymus, subcutaneous region of the neck, mediastinum, lungs, pericardial sac, heart, spleen, perirenal fat, urinary bladder, and skeletal muscle, including the diaphragm. An anticoagulant rodenticide screen was performed on the livers of each calf. Significant concentrations of chlorophacinone were detected at 4.2, 3.6, and 2.9 ppm in liver. Multiple piles and an open pail of white powdery material were present within the facility in which the calves were housed and were identified as the sources of chlorophacinone. Acute hemorrhage and death occurred in fourteen 1.5-mo-old, crossbred calves following ingestion of the vitamin K antagonist chlorophacinone.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Rodenticidas , Animais , Anticoagulantes , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/induzido quimicamente , Hemorragia/induzido quimicamente , Hemorragia/veterinária , Indanos
6.
Porcine Health Manag ; 8(1): 6, 2022 Jan 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35078535

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The association of cough with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) DNA detection in specimens was evaluated under conditions in which the MHP status of inoculated and contact-infected pen mates was closely monitored for 59 days post-inoculation (DPI). METHODS: Seven-week-old pigs (n = 39) were allocated to five rooms (with one pen). Rooms contained 9 pigs each, with 1, 3, 6, or 9 MHP-inoculated pigs, respectively, except Room 5 (three sham-inoculated pigs). Cough data (2 × week) and specimens, tracheal swabs (2 × week), oral fluids (daily), drinker wipes (~ 1 × week), and air samples (3 × week) were collected. At 59 DPI, pigs were euthanized, and lung and trachea were evaluated for gross and microscopic lesions. Predictive cough value to MHP DNA detection in drinker and oral fluid samples were estimated using mixed logistic regression. RESULTS: Following inoculation, MHP DNA was first detected in tracheal swabs from inoculated pigs (DPI 3), then oral fluids (DPI 8), air samples (DPI 10), and drinker wipes (21 DPI). MHP DNA was detected in oral fluids in 17 of 59 (Room 1) to 43 of 59 (Room 3) samples, drinker wipes in 4 of 8 (Rooms 2 and 3) to 5 of 8 (Rooms 1 and 4) samples, and air samples in 5 of 26 (Room 2) or 3 of 26 (Room 4) samples. Logistic regression showed that the frequency of coughing pigs in a pen was associated with the probability of MHP DNA detection in oral fluids (P < 0.01) and nearly associated with drinker wipes (P = 0.08). Pathology data revealed an association between the period when infection was first detected and the severity of gross lung lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Dry, non-productive coughs suggest the presence of MHP, but laboratory testing and MHP DNA detection is required for confirmation. Based on the data from this study, oral fluids and drinker wipes may provide a convenient alternative for MHP DNA detection at the pen level when cough is present. This information may help practitioners in specimen selection for MHP surveillance.

7.
Vet Microbiol ; 264: 109271, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34826647

RESUMO

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (SEZ) is a commensal bacterium of horses and causes infections in mammalian species, including humans. Historically, virulent strains of SEZ caused high mortality in pigs in China and Indonesia, while disease in the U.S. was infrequent. More recently, high mortality events in sows were attributed to SEZ in North America. The SEZ isolates from these mortality events have high genetic similarity to an isolate from an outbreak in China. Taken together, this may indicate SEZ is an emerging threat to swine health. To generate a disease model and evaluate the susceptibility of healthy, conventionally raised pigs to SEZ, we challenged sows and five-month-old pigs with an isolate from a 2019 mortality event. Pigs were challenged with a genetically similar guinea pig isolate or genetically distinct horse isolate to evaluate comparative virulence. The swine isolate caused severe systemic disease in challenged pigs with 100 % mortality. Disease manifestation in sows was similar to field reports: lethargy/depression, fever, reluctance to rise, and high mortality. The guinea pig isolate also caused severe systemic disease; however, most five-month-old pigs recovered. In contrast, the horse isolate did not cause disease and was readily cleared from the respiratory tract. In conclusion, we were able to replicate disease reported in the field. The results indicate differences in virulence between isolates, with the highest virulence associated with the swine isolate. Additionally, we generated a challenge model that can be used in future research to evaluate virulence factors and disease prevention strategies.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus equi , Doenças dos Suínos , Replicação Viral , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Cobaias , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Cavalos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/virologia , Streptococcus equi/fisiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Replicação Viral/fisiologia
8.
Viruses ; 13(9)2021 09 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34578440

RESUMO

Porcine astrovirus type 3 (PoAstV3) has been previously identified as a cause of polioencephalomyelitis in swine and continues to cause disease in the US swine industry. Herein, we describe the characterization of both untranslated regions, frameshifting signal, putative genome-linked virus protein (VPg) and conserved antigenic epitopes of several novel PoAstV3 genomes. Twenty complete coding sequences (CDS) were obtained from 32 diagnostic cases originating from 11 individual farms/systems sharing a nucleotide (amino acid) percent identity of 89.74-100% (94.79-100%), 91.9-100% (96.3-100%) and 90.71-100% (93.51-100%) for ORF1a, ORF1ab and ORF2, respectively. Our results indicate that the 5'UTR of PoAstV3 is highly conserved highlighting the importance of this region in translation initiation while their 3'UTR is moderately conserved among strains, presenting alternative configurations including multiple putative protein binding sites and pseudoknots. Moreover, two predicted conserved antigenic epitopes were identified matching the 3' termini of VP27 of PoAstV3 USA strains. These epitopes may aid in the design and development of vaccine components and diagnostic assays useful to control outbreaks of PoAstV3-associated CNS disease. In conclusion, this is the first analysis predicting the structure of important regulatory motifs of neurotropic mamastroviruses, which differ from those previously described in human astroviruses.


Assuntos
Infecções por Astroviridae/veterinária , Genoma Viral , Mamastrovirus/genética , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Proteínas Virais/genética , Animais , Antígenos Virais , Infecções por Astroviridae/virologia , Encefalite Viral/veterinária , Encefalite Viral/virologia , Epitopos , Mamastrovirus/imunologia , Mamastrovirus/metabolismo , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Regiões não Traduzidas , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/imunologia , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo
9.
Vet Microbiol ; 260: 109162, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34217902

RESUMO

Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) is a commensal of the upper respiratory tract that can be shed by nasal secretions and transmitted by direct contact in neonatal and nursery pigs. Lesions associated with Mhr infection include polyserositis and arthritis; however, systemic Mhr disease pathogenesis is not well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the immunopathogenesis and bacterial dissemination pattern of Mhr using single and multiple inoculation approaches in a caesarian-derived colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pig model. Animals in three treatment groups were inoculated once (Mhr 1; n = 12) or four (Mhr 2; n = 8) times with Mhr or sham-inoculated (NC group; n = 3) nasally and by tonsillar painting. Inoculum consisted of a triple cloned Mhr field isolate (4.5 × 107 CFU/mL) in Friis medium. Clinical signs were evaluated daily during the study. Serum and oral fluid antibody (IgA and IgG) response and cellular immune response were assessed using a recombinant chimeric VlpA-G-based indirect ELISA and by ELISpot, respectively. The presence of Mhr in oral fluids, nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were evaluated by qPCR. At 6 wpi, pigs were euthanized and evaluated for gross lesions consistent with Mhr and bacterial colonization in tonsils by qPCR. No clinical signs or gross lesions consistent with Mhr-associated disease were observed throughout the study. For Mhr 2 group, the presence of IgA and IgG in serum and oral fluids were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post-inoculation (wpi), respectively, while in Mhr 1, only IgA was detected in oral fluids at 6 wpi. The proportion of animals shedding Mhr in nasal secretions varied from 20 to 40 % in the Mhr 1 and 62.5-100% in the Mhr 2 group. However, the proportion of animals shedding Mhr in oropharyngeal swabs was consistent through the study (60 %) in Mhr 1 and fluctuated from 20 % to 87.5 % in Mhr 2 group. The lack of clinical signs and the presence of Mhr specific humoral response and bacterial colonization indicates that the multiple inoculation experimental model may mimic subclinical natural infection in the field. In addition, the humoral and transient cellular response did not result in bacterial clearance. Based on these results, animals would have to be exposed multiple times to mount a detectable immune response.


Assuntos
Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Humoral , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterinária , Mycoplasma hyorhinis/imunologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Colostro/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/patologia , Mycoplasma hyorhinis/patogenicidade , Gravidez , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/patologia
10.
Vet Microbiol ; 258: 109118, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34058523

RESUMO

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP) is a concern both for pig well-being and producer economic viability. In the absence of fully protective health interventions, producers rely on controlled exposure to induce an immune response in pigs and minimize the clinical outcomes of MHP infection in pig populations. This study compared the effect of route of exposure on MHP infection, antibody response, clinical signs, and pathology. Six-week-old MHP-negative pigs (n = 78) were allocated to negative control (n = 6) or one of three MHP exposure routes: intratracheal (n = 24, feeding catheter), intranasal (n = 24, atomization device), and aerosol (n = 24, fogger). Body weight, cough indices, and samples (serum, oral fluid, tracheal) were collected weekly through 49 days post-exposure (DPE). Intratrachal exposure produced the highest proportion (24/24) of MHP DNA-positive pigs on DPE 7, as well as earlier and higher serum antibody response. Intranasal and aerosol exposures resulted in infection with MHP DNA detected in tracheal samples from 18/24 and 21/24 pigs on DPE 7, respectively. Aerosol exposure had the least impact on weight gain (0.64 kg/day). No difference was observed among treatment groups in coughing and lung lesions at necropsy. While intratracheal inoculation and seeder animals are frequently used in swine production settings, intranasal or aerosol exposure are viable alternatives to achieve MHP infection. Regardless of the route, steps should be taken to verify the purity of the inoculum and, in the case of aerosol exposure, avert the unintended exposure of personnel and animals to other pathogens.


Assuntos
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/microbiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Animais , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/patologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/patologia
11.
BMC Vet Res ; 17(1): 170, 2021 Apr 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33865378

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle worldwide. Many different clinical manifestations of infection can occur, including respiratory disease, arthritis, and mastitis, causing heavy losses to beef and dairy industries. Because Mycoplasma species are slow-growing and fastidious, traditional identification methods are not cost- or time-effective, and improved methods are sought to streamline laboratory processes. High-resolution melting PCR (HRM-PCR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) are 2 relatively recent tools that are rapid and inexpensive to use; we tested 9 isolates of M. bovis using both assays. The HRM-PCR assay used universal mycoplasma primers for the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (IGSR). RESULTS: The resulting melting profiles of the field isolates were indistinguishable from the reference strain, indicating accurate identification. For the MALDI-TOF MS, each M. bovis isolate was accurately identified. Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma alkalescens isolates did not identify as M. bovis when tested by either assay. CONCLUSIONS: Our work shows that either assay could be used to identify unknown M. bovis isolates. For future work, the MALDI-TOF MS library should be expanded to include more mycoplasmas, and the HRM-PCR assay should be tested on additional mycoplasmas to ensure that the melting profiles are sufficiently distinctive.


Assuntos
Mycoplasma bovis/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/veterinária , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma bovis/química , Mycoplasma bovis/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 23S/genética , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos
12.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 33(3): 428-438, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33719758

RESUMO

Accurate and timely results of diagnostic investigations and laboratory testing guide clinical interventions for the continuous improvement of animal health and welfare. Infectious diseases can severely limit the health, welfare, and productivity of populations of animals. Livestock veterinarians submit thousands of samples daily to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for disease diagnosis, pathogen monitoring, and surveillance. Individual diagnostic laboratory reports are immediately useful; however, aggregated historical laboratory data are increasingly valued by clinicians and decision-makers to identify changes in the health status of various animal populations over time and geographical space. The value of this historical information is enhanced by visualization of trends of agent detection, disease diagnosis, or both, which helps focus time and resources on the most significant pathogens and fosters more effective communication between livestock producers, veterinarians, and VDL professionals. Advances in data visualization tools allow quick, efficient, and often real-time scanning and analysis of databases to inform, guide, and modify animal health intervention algorithms. Value is derived at the farm, production system, or regional level. Visualization tools allow client-specific analyses, benchmarking, formulation of research questions, and monitoring the effects of disease management and precision farming practices. We present here the approach taken to visualize trends of disease occurrence using porcine disease diagnostic code data for the period 2010 to 2019. Our semi-automatic standardized creation of a visualization platform allowed the transformation of diagnostic report data into aggregated information to visualize and monitor disease diagnosis.


Assuntos
Codificação Clínica/estatística & dados numéricos , Gestão da Saúde da População , Doenças dos Suínos/diagnóstico , Medicina Veterinária/métodos , Animais , Sus scrofa , Suínos
13.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 33(3): 419-427, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33719780

RESUMO

Technologic advances in information management have rapidly changed laboratory testing and the practice of veterinary medicine. Timely and strategic sampling, same-day assays, and 24-h access to laboratory results allow for rapid implementation of intervention and treatment protocols. Although agent detection and monitoring systems have progressed, and wider tracking of diseases across veterinary diagnostic laboratories exists, such as by the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN), the distinction between detection of agent and manifestation of disease is critical to improved disease management. The implementation of a consistent, intuitive, and useful disease diagnosis coding system, specific for veterinary medicine and applicable to multiple animal species within and between veterinary diagnostic laboratories, is the first phase of disease data aggregation. Feedback loops for continuous improvement that could aggregate existing clinical and laboratory databases to improve the value and applications of diagnostic processes and clinical interventions, with interactive capabilities between clinicians and diagnosticians, and that differentiate disease causation from mere agent detection, remain incomplete. Creating an interface that allows aggregation of existing data from clinicians, including final diagnosis, interventions, or treatments applied, and measures of outcomes, is the second phase. Prototypes for stakeholder cooperation, collaboration, and beta testing of this vision are in development and becoming a reality. We focus here on how such a system is being developed and utilized at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory to facilitate evidence-based medicine and utilize diagnostic coding for continuous improvement of animal health and welfare.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Animais/diagnóstico , Codificação Clínica/estatística & dados numéricos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/instrumentação , Laboratórios/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicina Veterinária/instrumentação , Animais , Iowa
14.
ILAR J ; 62(1-2): 133-168, 2021 12 31.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33712827

RESUMO

Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.


Assuntos
Cabras , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Animais de Laboratório , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Furões , Ovinos , Suínos
15.
J Clin Microbiol ; 58(12)2020 11 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32967897

RESUMO

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is an economically significant pathogen of swine. M. hyopneumoniae serum antibody detection via commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) is widely used for routine surveillance in commercial swine production systems. Samples from two studies were used to evaluate assay performance. In study 1, 6 commercial M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs were compared using serum samples from 8-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs allocated to the following 5 inoculation groups of 10 pigs each: (i) negative control, (ii) Mycoplasma flocculare (strain 27399), (iii) Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain 38983), (iv) Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (strain 34428), and (v) M. hyopneumoniae (strain 232). Weekly serum and daily oral fluid samples were collected through 56 days postinoculation (dpi). The true status of pigs was established by PCR testing on oral fluids samples over the course of the observation period. Analysis of ELISA performance at various cutoffs found that the manufacturers' recommended cutoffs were diagnostically specific, i.e., produced no false positives, with the exceptions of 2 ELISAs. An analysis based on overall misclassification error rates found that 4 ELISAs performed similarly, although one assay produced more false positives. In study 2, the 3 best-performing ELISAs from study 1 were compared using serum samples generated under field conditions. Ten 8-week-old pigs were intratracheally inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae Matched serum and tracheal samples (to establish the true pig M. hyopneumoniae status) were collected at 7- to 14-day intervals through 98 dpi. Analyses of sensitivity and specificity showed similar performance among these 3 ELISAs. Overall, this study provides an assessment of the performance of current M. hyopneumoniae ELISAs and an understanding of their use in surveillance.


Assuntos
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Mycoplasma , Pneumonia Suína Micoplasmática/diagnóstico , Suínos
16.
J Vet Intern Med ; 34(5): 2169-2174, 2020 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32830373

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Renal disease caused by Corynebacterium cystitidis in beef cattle may be misclassified as Corynebacterium renale, and limited information about C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle currently is available. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and outcome of renal disease caused by C. cystitidis in beef cattle. METHODS: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Four client-owned beef cattle. RESULTS: All affected cattle had anorexia as a primary complaint. Of the 3 that had ante-mortem diagnostic tests performed, all had pyelonephritis based on azotemia in combination with urinalysis and ultrasonographic findings. Cultures yielded C. cystitidis which was identified by biochemical testing, 16S RNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry. All affected cattle deteriorated despite aggressive treatment, indicating that C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle may carry a poor prognosis. Bacterial isolates collected from the 4 cattle showed similarities in MICs for ampicillin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim sulfonamide, and tylosin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Corynebacterium cystitidis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cattle with renal disease. Definitive diagnosis of C. cystitidis as compared to C. renale may be challenging.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Infecções por Corynebacterium , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Corynebacterium , Infecções por Corynebacterium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Corynebacterium/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Corynebacterium/veterinária , Estudos Retrospectivos
17.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 32(4): 565-571, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32532177

RESUMO

Investigations of 2 cases of high mortality in cull sows and feeder pigs from a buying station in Ohio and cull sows at an abattoir in Tennessee were conducted at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The animals were presented as weak, lethargic, and some with high fever. Rapidly escalating mortality was reported to be as high as 30-50% within groups at the buying station over 8-10 d, and 30-40% over 5-7 d at the abattoir. Splenomegaly and red lymph nodes were the most consistent macroscopic findings, with scant fibrinous polyserositis observed in one sow. The microscopic lesions of vasculitis, fibrin thrombi, fibrinosuppurative polyserositis, and intralesional bacteria were consistent with acute bacterial septicemia. Bacterial culture isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) from multiple organs, including spleen, lung, and kidney. PCR tests were negative for African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, and Salmonella spp. Porcine circovirus 3 was inconsistently detected at low levels by PCR, with a lack of associated lesions. Next-generation sequencing identified S. zooepidemicus and porcine partetravirus in the serum sample of the feeder pig from the buying station. Phylogenetic analysis of the szP gene indicated that the S. zooepidemicus isolates from Ohio and Tennessee are in genotype VI. We conclude that the cause of these high mortality events in swine was S. zooepidemicus septicemia.


Assuntos
Sepse/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus equi/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Suínos/mortalidade , Animais , Feminino , Genótipo , Ohio/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Sepse/microbiologia , Sepse/mortalidade , Infecções Estreptocócicas/complicações , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/mortalidade , Streptococcus equi/classificação , Sus scrofa , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Tennessee/epidemiologia
18.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 67(6): 2797-2808, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32460392

RESUMO

High mortality events due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (Streptococcus zooepidemicus) in swine have not previously been reported in the United States. In September and October 2019, outbreaks with swine mortality up to 50% due to S. zooepidemicus septicaemia were reported in Ohio and Tennessee. Genomic epidemiological analysis revealed that the eight outbreak isolates were clustered together with ATCC 35246, a Chinese strain caused outbreaks with high mortality, also closely related to three isolates from human cases from Virginia, but significantly different from an outbreak-unrelated swine isolate from Arizona and most isolates from other animal species. Comparative genomic analysis on two outbreak isolates and another outbreak-unrelated isolate identified several genomic islands and virulence genes specifically in the outbreak isolates only, which are likely associated with the high mortality observed in the swine population. These findings have implications for understanding, tracking and possibly preventing diseases caused by S. zooepidemicus in swine.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus equi/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/mortalidade , Animais , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/mortalidade , Streptococcus equi/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus equi/patogenicidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Virulência/genética
19.
Transl Anim Sci ; 4(2): txz179, 2020 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32289114

RESUMO

The overall objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) to other common fat sources to minimize the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross-contamination in a pig bioassay. Treatments were feed with mitigants inoculated with PEDV after application and were: 1) positive control with no chemical treatment; 2) 0.325% commercially available formaldehyde-based product; 3) 1% blend of 1:1:1 caproic (C6), caprylic (C8), and capric acids (C10) and applied with an aerosolizing nozzle; 4) treatment 3 applied directly into the mixer without an aerosolizing nozzle; 5) 0.66% caproic acid; 6) 0.66% caprylic acid; 7) 0.66% capric acid; 8) 0.66% lauric acid; 9) 1% blend of 1:1 capric and lauric acids; 10) 0.3% commercially available dry C12 product; 11) 1% canola oil; 12) 1% choice white grease; 13) 2% coconut oil; 14) 1% coconut oil; 15) 2% palm kernel oil; 16) 1% palm kernel oil; 17) 1% soy oil and four analysis days (0, 1, 3, and 7 post inoculation) as well as 1 treatment of PEDV-negative feed without chemical treatment. There was a treatment × day interaction (P < 0.002) for detectable PEDV RNA. The magnitude of the increase in Ct value from d 0 to 7 was dependent upon the individual treatments. Feed treated with individual MCFA, 1% MCFA blend, or commercial-based formaldehyde had fewer (P < 0.05) detectable viral particles than all other treatments. Commercial-based formaldehyde, 1% MCFA, 0.66% caproic, 0.66% caprylic, and 0.66% capric acids had no evidence of infectivity 10-d old pig bioassay, while there was no evidence the C12 commercial product or longer chain fat sources inhibited PEDV infectivity. Interestingly, pigs given the coconut oil source with the highest composition of caprylic and capric only showed signs of infectivity on the last day of bioassay. These data suggest some MCFA have potential for reducing post feed manufacture PEDV contamination.

20.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 51(3): 618-630, 2020 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33480537

RESUMO

A flock of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) was purchased from a licensed breeder and quarantined at a zoologic facility within the United States in 2016. Following 82 deaths within the flock, the remaining 66 birds were depopulated because of ongoing clinical salmonellosis despite treatment. Gross necropsy was performed on all 66 birds. Histopathologic examination was performed on 10 birds identified with gross lesions and 10 birds without. Pathologic findings were most often observed in the liver, kidney, and spleen. Lesions noted in the livers and spleens were consistent with published reports of salmonellosis in psittacine species. Multisystemic changes associated with septicemia were not noted, most likely because of antibiotic intervention before euthanasia. Of the 20 budgerigars evaluated by histopathology, six had large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within tubular epithelia in a portion of the kidneys. Electronic microscopy, next-generation sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify and categorize the identified virus as a novel siadenovirus strain BuAdV-1 USA-IA43444-2016. The strain was 99% similar to budgerigar adenovirus 1 (BuAdV-1), previously reported in Japan, and to a psittacine adenovirus 5 recently identified in a U.S. cockatiel. Salmonella typhimurium carriers were identified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial culture and compared with viral carriers identified via PCR. Inclusion bodies and Salmonella detection were significant in birds with gross lesions versus those without; however, there was no correlation between budgerigars positive with siadenovirus by PCR and concurrent Salmonella infection. Identifying subclinical siadenovirus strain BuAdV-1 USA-IA43444-2016 infection in this flock significantly differs from a previous report of clinical illness in five budgerigars resulting in death caused by BuAdV-1 in Japan. S. typhimurium remains a significant pathogen in budgerigars, and zoonotic concerns prompted depopulation to mitigate the public health risks of this flock.


Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/veterinária , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Melopsittacus , Salmonelose Animal/epidemiologia , Siadenovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Adenoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Adenoviridae/epidemiologia , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Doenças das Aves/diagnóstico , Doenças das Aves/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves/virologia , Coinfecção/diagnóstico , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Salmonella typhimurium/fisiologia , Siadenovirus/classificação , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
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