A prospective, randomized, trial of phenobarbital versus benzodiazepines for acute alcohol withdrawal.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare phenobarbital (PB) versus lorazepam (LZ) in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department (ED) and at 48 hours. METHODS: Prospectively, randomized, consenting patients were assessed using a modified Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment (CIWA) score and given intravenous PB (mean, 509 mg) or LZ (mean, 4.2 mg). At discharge, LZ patients received chlordiazepoxide (Librium), and PB patients received placebo. RESULTS: Of 44 patients, 25 received PB, and 19 LZ. Both PB and LZ reduced CIWA scores from baseline to discharge (15.0-5.4 and 16.8-4.2, P < .0001). There were no differences between PB and LZ in baseline CIWA scores (P = .3), discharge scores (P = .4), ED length of stay (267 versus 256 minutes, P = .8), admissions (12% versus 16%, P = .8), or 48-hour follow-up CIWA scores (5.8 versus 7.2, P = .6). CONCLUSION: Phenobarbital and LZ were similarly effective in the treatment of mild/moderate alcohol withdrawal in the ED and at 48 hours.

A pilot study to derive clinical variables for selective chest radiography in blunt trauma patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether clinical criteria can identify blunt trauma patients with significant acute intrathoracic injury on chest radiograph. METHODS: From January 2003 to May 2004, adult blunt trauma patients who received chest radiographs were prospectively enrolled at 2 urban trauma centers. Exclusion criteria were age less than 15 years, penetrating trauma, trauma more than 72 hours before presentation, isolated head trauma, and Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 14. Before chest radiograph viewing, providers recorded the following data: mechanism of injury, vital signs including oxygen saturation, patient symptoms, intoxication, distracting injuries, and the presence or finding of visible chest wall injury, chest palpation tenderness, pain on lateral chest compression, crepitus, and abnormal chest auscultation. Significant acute intrathoracic injury was defined as pneumothorax, hemothorax, aortic injury, 2 or more rib fractures, sternal fracture, or pulmonary contusion by blinded radiologist chest radiograph interpretation. RESULTS: Of the 507 enrolled patients, 15 patients were excluded because chest radiograph was not performed. Significant acute intrathoracic injury was confirmed in 31 of 492 (6.3%) patients. Palpation tenderness and chest pain had the highest sensitivity (90%) as individual criteria for significant acute intrathoracic injury, and hypoxia had the highest specificity (97%). The combination of palpation tenderness and hypoxia identified all significant acute intrathoracic injury with the following screening performance with 95% confidence intervals (CIs): sensitivity 100% (95% CI 91% to 100%); specificity 50% (95% CI 45% to 54%); positive predictive value 12% (95% CI 9% to 17%); and negative predictive value 100% (95% CI 99% to 100%). CONCLUSION: In this small sample, the combination of palpation tenderness and hypoxia identified all blunt trauma patients with significant acute intrathoracic injury while potentially eliminating the need for 46% of chest radiographs.