Acoustic arrival predictions using oceanographic measurements and models in the Beaufort Sea.

Acoustic propagation in the Beaufort Sea is particularly sensitive to upper-ocean sound-speed structure due to the presence of a subsurface duct known as the Beaufort duct. Comparisons of acoustic predictions based on existing Arctic models with predictions based on in situ data collected by Seaglider vehicles in the summer of 2017 show differences in the strength, depth, and number of ducts, highlighting the importance of in situ data. These differences have a significant effect on the later, more intense portion of the acoustic time front referred to as reverse geometric dispersion, where lower-order modes arrive prior to the final cutoff.

A p-curve analysis of the emotional Stroop effect among women with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: A recent meta-review of attentional bias research in eating disorders suggests that meta-analyses and systematic reviews include many low-quality and underpowered studies (Stott et al., 2021). As such, we examined whether published research examining the link between attentional bias, using the emotional Stroop task, and eating disorders among women with eating disorders has evidential value (ruling out selective reporting of a statistically significant effect) using a p-curve analysis. A p-curve analysis plots statisticall significant p-values onto a curve from .01 to .05 to examine its distribution. We hypothesized that the p-curve would be flat, indicating no true effect. METHOD: The hypothesis, database search strategy, and data analytic approach were pre-registered. The inclusion criteria were reports that compared control and eating disorder groups, reported inferential statistics, and that used body shape/weight or general threat target words. RESULTS: Fifty published reports were included in the p-curve analyses. Unexpectedly, the half and full p-curves were significantly right-skewed, indicating evidential value. However, the results were not robust to the exclusion of the seven lowest p-values and on average, reports were underpowered. There were also 18 reports with null results (they had a p-value greater than .05), which precluded their inclusion in the p-curve analyses. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that most of the evidence from research examining attentional biases using the emotional Stroop task among women with an eating disorder or with elevated eating disorder symptoms is underpowered and so should be interpreted with considerable caution. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Concerns have been raised about the low quality of research examining attentional biases among women with eating disorders using the emotional Stroop task. In the current research, we observed that the evidential value of primary research reporting differences between women with and without eating disorders was equivocal and had low statistical power. These results can guide researchers towards conducting more rigorous research on attentional biases among people with eating disorders.

OBJETIVO: Una meta-revisión reciente de la investigación del sesgo atencional en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria sugiere que los metaanálisis y las revisiones sistemáticas incluyen muchos estudios de baja calidad y con poco poder estadístico (Stott et al., 2021). Como tal, examinamos si la investigación publicada que examina el vínculo entre el sesgo atencional, el uso de la tarea de Stroop emocional y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria entre mujeres con trastornos alimentarios tiene valor de evidencia (descartando el informe selectivo de un efecto estadísticamente significativo) mediante un análisis de curva-p. Un análisis de curva-p traza p valores significativos en una curva de .01 a .05 para examinar su distribución. Planteamos la hipótesis de que la curva-p sería plana, lo que indica que no hay un efecto verdadero. MÉTODO: La hipótesis, la estrategia de búsqueda en la base de datos y el enfoque analítico de datos fueron pre-registrados. Los criterios de inclusión fueron informes que compararon grupos control y de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, informaron estadísticas inferenciales y que utilizaron palabras clave de figura/peso corporal o de amenaza general. RESULTADOS: Cincuenta estudios publicados fueron incluidos en los análisis de la curva-p. Inesperadamente, las curvas-p medias y completas estaban significativamente sesgadas a la derecha, lo que indica un valor de evidencia. Sin embargo, los resultados no fueron robustos para la exclusión de los siete p valores más bajos y, en promedio, los reportes tuvieron poca potencia. También hubo 18 reportes con resultados nulos (tenían un p valor mayor que .05), lo que impidió su inclusión en los análisis de la curva-p. DISCUSIÓN: Los hallazgos sugieren que la mayor parte de la evidencia de la investigación que examina los sesgos atencionales utilizando la tarea de Stroop emocional entre las mujeres con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria o con síntomas elevados del trastorno alimentario tiene poco poder y, por lo tanto, debe interpretarse con mucha precaución.

Sex Differences in Response to Deception Across Mate-Value Traits of Attractiveness, Job Status, and Altruism in Online Dating.

Sex differences in mate preferences are well established. It is also well understood that humans often seek to manipulate their standing on important mate-value traits. Yet, there is a paucity of work examining potential sex differences in response to deception along these important dimensions. In Study 1, a sample of 280 undergraduates (123 females) responded to a hypothetical online dating scenario asking participants to rank how upset they would be if deceived about a date's attractiveness, occupation, or volunteerism. Women ranked occupation deception as more upsetting than men did, and men ranked attractiveness deception as more upsetting than women did. Given potential measurement differences between forced-choice and continuous response options, Study 2 randomly assigned 364 undergraduates (188 females) to one of the deceptions conditions and asked them to report their level of upset and willingness to go on the date using a continuous response scale. Women were more likely than men to cancel the date if the deception involved volunteerism or occupation. There was no significant sex difference in the attractiveness condition. Neither mate value nor sociosexuality moderated the sex difference in the levels of upset due to the deception. Together, these findings demonstrate that women and men exhibit differences in the degree to which they become upset by opposite sex deceptions in online dating, regardless of self-perceived mate value and sociosexuality, in alignment with evolved sex differences in mate preferences.

Men's Mate Value Correlates with a Less Restricted Sociosexual Orientation: A Meta-Analysis.

Men, relative to women, can benefit their total reproductive success by engaging in short-term pluralistic mating. Yet not all men enact such a mating strategy. It has previously been hypothesized that high mate value men should be most likely to adopt a short-term mating strategy, with this prediction being firmly grounded in some important mid-level evolutionary psychological theories. Yet evidence to support such a link has been mixed. This paper presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of 33 published and unpublished studies (N = 5928) in which we find that that self-reported mate value accounts for roughly 6% of variance in men's sociosexual orientation. The meta-analysis provides evidence that men's self-perceived mate value positively predicts their tendency to engage in short-term mating, but that the total effect size is small.

Can positive and self-transcendent emotions promote pro-environmental behavior?

Many scholars have suggested that people could improve their well-being by developing closer connections with nature and that this would also promote the sustainable behaviors needed to address climate change. Research generally corroborates this idea, but few studies have examined the more specific hypothesis that positive emotions (caused by nature or otherwise) can directly influence pro-environmental behaviors. In particular, self-transcendent emotions such as awe, compassion, and gratitude can be prompted by nature, and they seem to foster prosocial behaviors. Most pro-environmental behaviors are also prosocial; they require cooperation and they benefit others. Some recent studies suggest that self-transcendent emotions can cause pro-environmental behavior, although results are mixed overall. We identify strategies for future research to resolve these inconclusive suggestions.

Relationship between body image and physical functioning following rehabilitation for lower-limb amputation.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate change in body image and the association between body image at discharge and mobility 4 months after rehabilitation. A prospective cohort comprising adults older than or equal to 50 years of age undergoing rehabilitation for first major lower-limb amputation at an inpatient prosthetic rehabilitation program were assessed at discharge and 4 months after rehabilitation. Paired t-tests compared total Amputee Body Image Scale (ABIS), gait velocity, and L-test scores between discharge (T1) and 4 months (T2). Multivariable linear regression assessed relationship between ABIS scores and mobility. Nineteen participants completed assessments (mean±SD age=60.86±6.85 years; 63.20% male patients). Body image changed from T1 (43.58±7.83) to T2 (48.26±12.21), but was not statistically significant (P=0.063). Mobility significantly improved at T2. ABIS scores at T1 were not associated with mobility at T2. Mobility improved after discharge but was not related to body image at T1. Additional research on the impact of body image perception on patient outcomes after rehabilitation is needed.