Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in Improving Cancer Management: A Mini Review.

Cancer is one of the significant issues with public health and the second leading cause of death worldwide. The three most lethal cancers in the general population are stomach, lung, and liver cancers, in which lung and breast cancers cause the majority of cancer-associated deaths among men and women, respectively. CeO2 nanoparticles have a cytoprotectant effect in normal cells and a cytotoxic effect in cancer cells that enables them to induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within cancer cells, which in turn develops reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that interfere with intracellular activities, and this property makes them an excellent anticancer agent. Because of its biofilm suppression, free radical scavenging ability, redox activity, and other unique properties, attention has been bestowed on cerium oxide nanoparticles as a potential alternative to solve many biomedical issues in the future. This review mainly focuses on the combinatorial effect of cerium dioxide nanoparticles and Doxorubicin in cancer management.

Nephroprotective effects of ethanolic root extract of Azima tetracantha lam in adenine-induced chronic kidney failure in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of ethanolic root Ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha. Lam roots (EEATR) in adenine-induced chronic kidney failure in Wistar albino rats To assess the antioxidant activity of EEATR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were selected and allocated to five groups with six animals in each group. Group 1 was given normal saline (control), Group 2 - adenine, 0.75% 40 mg/kg, Group 3 - adenine and 250 mg/kg of EEATR, Group 4 - adenine and 500 mg/kg EEATR, and Group 5 - EEATR 500 mg/kg. Saline, adenine, and EEATR were given orally once daily for 28 days. EEATR was given 60 min before adenine administration. Urine output, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, albumin, and total proteins were estimated. The histopathological changes in the kidneys were examined, and antioxidant property of the extract was assessed in the renal tissue. RESULTS: Adenine treated rats had a reduction in urine output (‒45%), food intake (‒46%), body weight (‒28%), total proteins (‒66%) and albumin (‒59%) and an increase in creatinine (950%), BUN (73.6%), and kidney weight (43.75%). Histological examination of the kidneys showed capillary congestion, tubular damage, glomerular distortion, and many oxalate crystals. Rats co-administered with EEATR 250 and 500 mg/kg had marked improvement (P ≤ 0.0001%) in all the above parameters with a marked reduction in size and number of oxalate crystals in the kidney. In the anti-oxidant assays, EEATR exhibited significant antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: EEATR was found to be an effective nephroprotective agent in adenine-induced chronic renal failure in Wistar albino rats.

Characterization and Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Films for Healing of Full-Thickness Wounds in Normal and Diabetic Rats.

Artificial skin substitute made of polymeric films are of great demand in the field of skin tissue engineering. We report here the fabrication of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blend films by solution casting method for wound healing applications. The physicochemical characteristics and the thermal stability of the films were analyzed. The surface morphology shows crystalline structures with large hexagonal-like platelet crystals of CMC on the surface of the films. Pure CMC films exhibited higher tensile strength than the CMC/PEG blend films. The swelling ratio (SR) of the films was influenced by the pH of Tris-HCL buffer (2.0, 5.0, and 7.0), which increased with increase in pH. The hemocompatibility assay and cytotoxicity test using NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells showed that the films were biocompatible. To evaluate the wound healing efficacy, the films were applied in full-thickness wounds created in normal and diabetic Wistar albino rats. The wounds healed faster with pure CMC film compared to blend films in both normal and diabetic rats, evidenced by intensive collagen formation in histopathological analysis. Thus, the films have potential application in skin regeneration, thereby to restore the structural and functional characteristics of the skin.

Anti-rheumatoid activity of ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum seed extract in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats.

Sesamum indicum, one of the first recorded plants used for its seeds, is reported to have analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-obesity as well as hepato and nephro protective activities. The current study evaluated the effects of two doses (400 and 800 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of S. indicum seeds in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats in comparison with diclofenac and methotrexate by the changes produced in body weight, body temperature, paw volume and spontaneous activity, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, total white blood cells, red blood cells, Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α as well as joint changes in X-ray and histological changes in joint tissue. Unlike the untreated group, the groups treated with S. indicum showed significant decrease in paw volume, body weight, white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Interleukin-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-α and an increase in body weight, spontaneous activity, hemoglobin level, and red blood cell count. Histopathological examination showed gross reduction in synovial inflammation and cartilage damage. X-ray revealed significant improvement in joint space. The effect of ethanolic extract of S. indicum was found to be equivalent to methotrexate and greater than diclofenac.

Nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha root in glycerol induced acute renal failure in Wistar albino rats.

The gravity of the impact of renal failure on human health is well known and as there is no specific pharmacotherapy for renal failure, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of root extract of Azima tetracantha, an ancient medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurvedhic systems of medicine. The experiment was done in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in Wistar albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 was given normal saline (10 ml/kg) per oral, group 2 with single dose of hypertonic glycerol (8 ml/kg) by intramuscular injection into the hind limbs, group 3 with glycerol and ethanolic extract of A. tetracantha root (ATR) 250 mg/kg, group 4, glycerol and ATR 500 mg/kg and group 5, 500 mg/kg ATR. Extract was given orally 60 min prior to glycerol injection. 24 h urine output, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total proteins and albumin were measured for all the groups. Kidneys were examined for histopathological changes. The antioxidant activity of the extract was tested in vitro and in vivo. Rats treated with ATR showed significant improvement in biochemical parameters and histopathological changes compared to glycerol treated group. The protective effect was highly significant at 500 mg/kg. Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed significant antioxidant activity. The in vitro activity was comparable to vitamin-C. The ethanolic extract of ATR has nephroprotective effect in glycerol-induced acute renal failure and the mechanism of action could be the antioxidant effect.

Expression of GPI anchored human recombinant erythropoietin in CHO cells is devoid of glycosylation heterogeneity.

Erythropoietin is a glycohormone involved in the regulation of the blood cell levels. It is a 166 amino acid protein having 3 N-glycosylation and one O-linked glycosylation sites, and is used to treat anaemia related illness. Though human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) is produced in CHO cells, the loss in quality control is 80% due to incomplete glycosylation of the rEPO with low levels of fully glycosylated active rEPO. Here, we describe the expression from CHO cells of fully glycosylated human rEPO when expressed as a GPI anchored molecule (rEPO-g). The results demonstrated the production of a homogenous completely glycosylated human rEPO-g as a 42 kD band without any low molecular weight glycoform variants as shown by affinity chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE and anti-human EPO specific western blot. The western blot using specific monoclonal antibody is the available biochemical technique to prove the presence of homogeneity in the expressed recombinant protein. The GPI anchor can be removed during the purification process to yield a therapeutically relevant recombinant erythropoietin molecule cells with a higher in vivo biological activity due to its high molecular weight of 40 kD. This is possibly the first report on the production of a homogenous and completely glycosylated human rEPO from CHO cells for efficient therapy.