Evidence of Partial Seniority Conservation in the πg_{9/2} Shell for the N=50 Isotones.

The reduced transition probabilities for the 4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+} and 2_{1}^{+}→0_{1}^{+} transitions in ^{92}Mo and ^{94}Ru and for the 4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+} and 6_{1}^{+}→4_{1}^{+} transitions in ^{90}Zr have been determined in this experiment making use of a multinucleon transfer reaction. These results have been interpreted on the basis of realistic shell-model calculations in the f_{5/2}, p_{3/2}, p_{1/2}, and g_{9/2} proton valence space. Only the combination of extensive lifetime information and large scale shell-model calculations allowed the extent of the seniority conservation in the N=50 g_{9/2} orbital to be understood. The conclusion is that seniority is largely conserved in the first πg_{9/2} orbital.

Evidence for Coexisting Shapes through Lifetime Measurements in

The lifetimes of the first excited 2^{+}, 4^{+}, and 6^{+} states in ^{98}Zr were measured with the recoil-distance Doppler shift method in an experiment performed at GANIL. Excited states in ^{98}Zr were populated using the fission reaction between a 6.2 MeV/u ^{238}U beam and a ^{9}Be target. The γ rays were detected with the EXOGAM array in correlation with the fission fragments identified by mass and atomic number in the VAMOS++ spectrometer. Our result shows a very small B(E2;2_{1}^{+}→0_{1}^{+}) value in ^{98}Zr, thereby confirming the very sudden onset of collectivity at N=60. The experimental results are compared to large-scale Monte Carlo shell model and beyond-mean-field calculations. The present results indicate the coexistence of two additional deformed shapes in this nucleus along with the spherical ground state.

Lifetime Measurements and Triple Coexisting Band Structure in

Lifetime measurements of excited states in the neutron-rich nucleus ^{43}S were performed by applying the recoil-distance method on fast rare-isotope beams in conjunction with the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array. The new data based on γγ coincidences and lifetime measurements resolve a doublet of (3/2^{-}) and (5/2^{-}) states at low excitation energies. Results were compared to the π(sd)-ν(pf) shell model and antisymmetrized molecular dynamics calculations. The consistency with the theoretical calculations identifies a possible appearance of three coexisting bands near the ground state of ^{43}S: the K^{π}=1/2^{-} band built on a prolate-deformed ground state, a band built on an isomer with a 1f_{7/2}^{-1} character, and a suggested excited band built on a newly discovered doublet state. The latter further confirms the collapse of the N=28 shell closure in the neutron-rich region.

The utility of Xpert MTB/RIF performed on bronchial washings obtained in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in a high prevalence setting.

BACKGROUND: Xpert MTB/RIF has been shown to have a superior sensitivity to microscopy for acid fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum and has been recommended as a standard first line investigation for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Bronchoscopy is a valuable tool in diagnosing PTB in sputum negative patients. There is limited data on the utility of Xpert MTB/RIF performed on bronchial lavage specimens. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of Xpert MTB/RIF performed on bronchial washings in sputum scarce/negative patients with suspected PTB. METHODS: All patients with a clinical and radiological suspicion of PTB who underwent bronchoscopy between January 2013 and April 2014 were included. The diagnostic efficiencies of Xpert MTB/RIF and microscopy for AFB were compared to culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS: Thirty nine of 112 patients were diagnosed with culture-positive PTB. Xpert MTB/RIF was positive in 36/39 with a sensitivity of 92.3% (95% CI 78-98%) for PTB, which was superior to that of smear microscopy (41%; 95% CI 26.0-57.8%, p = 0.005). The specificities of Xpert MTB/RIF and smear microscopy were 87.7% (95% CI 77.4-93.9%) and 98.6% (95% CI 91.6%-99.9%) respectively. Xpert MTB/RIF had a positive predictive value of 80% (95% CI; 65-89.9%) and negative predictive value of 95.5% (95% CI 86.6-98.8%). 3/9 patients with Xpert MTB/RIF positive culture negative results were treated for PTB based on clinical and radiological findings. CONCLUSION: Xpert MTB/RIF has a higher sensitivity than smear microscopy and similar specificity for the immediate confirmation of PTB in specimens obtained by bronchial washing, and should be utilised in patients with a high suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Evolution of collectivity in 72Kr: evidence for rapid shape transition.

The transition rates from the yrast 2+ and 4+ states in the self-conjugate 72Kr nucleus were studied via lifetime measurements employing the GRETINA array with a novel application of the recoil-distance method. The large collectivity observed for the 4+→2+ transition suggests a prolate character of the excited states. The reduced collectivity previously reported for the 2+→0+ transition was confirmed. The irregular behavior of collectivity points to the occurrence of a rapid oblate-prolate shape transition in 72Kr, providing stringent tests for advanced theories to describe the shape coexistence and its evolution.

Lifetime measurement of the 2(1)+ state in 20C.

Establishing how and when large N/Z values require modified or new theoretical tools is a major quest in nuclear physics. Here we report the first measurement of the lifetime of the 2(1)+ state in the near-dripline nucleus 20C. The deduced value of τ(2(1)+)=9.8±2.8(stat)(-1.1)(+0.5)(syst) ps gives a reduced transition probability of B(E2; 2(1)+→0(g.s.)+)=7.5(-1.7)(+3.0)(stat)(-0.4)(+1.0)(syst) e2 fm4 in good agreement with a shell model calculation using isospin-dependent effective charges.

Enhanced quadrupole collectivity at N = 40: the case of neutron-rich Fe isotopes.

The transition rates for the 2(1)+ states in (62,64,66)Fe were studied using the recoil distance Doppler-shift technique applied to projectile Coulomb excitation reactions. The deduced E2 strengths illustrate the enhanced collectivity of the neutron-rich Fe isotopes up to N = 40. The results are interpreted using the generalized concept of valence proton symmetry which describes the evolution of nuclear structure around N = 40 as governed by the number of valence protons with respect to Z ≈ 30. The trend of collectivity suggested by the experimental data is described by state-of-the-art shell-model calculations with a new effective interaction developed for the fpgd valence space.

Improvement of the intrinsic time resolving power of the Cologne iron-free orange type electron spectrometers.

Conversion electron spectroscopy represents an important tool for nuclear structure analysis of medium and heavy nuclei. Two iron-free magnetic electron spectrometers of the orange type have been installed at the Institute for Nuclear Physics of the University of Cologne. The very large transmission of 15% and the very good energy resolution of 1% makes the iron-free orange spectrometer a powerful instrument. By means of fast timing techniques, lifetimes of nuclear excited states can be measured with an accuracy better than 20 ps. For the first time, the energy dependent centroid position of prompt events yielding the time-walk characteristics (the prompt curve) of the orange spectrometer fast timing setup has been measured using prompt secondary δ-electrons generated in a pulsed beam experiment. The prompt curve calibrated as a function of energy allows precise lifetime determination down to a few tens of picoseconds by the use of the centroid shift method.

Lifetime measurements of the neutron-rich N = 30 isotones 50Ca and 51Sc: orbital dependence of effective charges in the fp shell.

The lifetimes of the first excited states of the N = 30 isotones (50)Ca and (51)Sc have been determined using the Recoil Distance Doppler Shift method in combination with the CLARA-PRISMA spectrometers. This is the first time such a method is applied to measure lifetimes of neutron-rich nuclei populated via a multinucleon transfer reaction. This extends the lifetime knowledge beyond the f_{7/2} shell closure and allows us to derive the effective proton and neutron charges in the fp shell near the doubly magic nucleus (48)Ca, using large-scale, shell-model calculations. These results indicate an orbital dependence of the core polarization along the fp shell.

Low-lying neutron intruder state in 13B and the fading of the N = 8 shell closure.

A lifetime measurement of the excited states in the neutron-rich isotope (13)B has been performed using the (7)Li((7)Li,p)(13)B reaction. An anomalously long mean lifetime of 1.3(3) ps was found for the excited state at 3.53 MeV, giving the upper limits of the transition strengths to the ground state: B(M1) = 7.2 x 10;{-4} Weisskopf unit (W.u.) and B(E2) = 0.81 W.u.. The hindered transition strengths indicate significant intruder configurations for the excited state, coexisting with the normal ground state. The data are well explained by recent shell-model calculations, which suggest J;{pi} = 3/2;{-} for the 3.53-MeV state with the dominant intruder (nu2p2h) configuration.

Shape coexistence in light se isotopes: evidence for oblate shapes.

Lifetimes of states in the ground-state bands of (70)Se and (72)Se were measured using the recoil-distance Doppler shift method. The results deviate significantly from earlier measurements, requiring a revision of the conclusions drawn from a recent Coulomb excitation experiment concerning the shape of (70)Se. The new results lead to a coherent picture of shape coexistence in the neutron-deficient selenium and krypton isotopes. The coexistence and evolution of oblate and prolate shapes in this mass region is for the first time consistently described by new Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov-based configuration-mixing calculations which were performed using the Gogny D1S interaction.

Shape and structure of N=Z 64Ge: electromagnetic transition rates from the application of the recoil distance method to a knockout reaction.

Transition rate measurements are reported for the 2(1)+ and 2(2)+ states in N=Z 64Ge. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with large-scale shell-model calculations applying the recently developed GXPF1A interactions. The measurement was done using the recoil distance method (RDM) and a unique combination of state-of-the-art instruments at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL). States of interest were populated via an intermediate-energy single-neutron knockout reaction. RDM studies of knockout and fragmentation reaction products hold the promise of reaching far from stability and providing lifetime information for excited states in a wide range of nuclei.

Collectivity and configuration mixing in 186,188Pb and 194Po.

Lifetimes of prolate intruder states in 186Pb and oblate intruder states in 194Po have been determined by employing, for the first time, the recoil-decay tagging technique in recoil distance Doppler-shift lifetime measurements. In addition, lifetime measurements of prolate states in 188Pb up to the 8+ state were carried out using the recoil-gating method. The B(E2) values have been deduced from which deformation parameters |beta2|=0.29(5) and |beta2|=0.17(3) for the prolate and the oblate bands, respectively, have been extracted. The results also shed new light on the mixing between different shapes.

Transition probabilities in 134Pr: a test for chirality in nuclear systems.

Exited states in 134Pr were populated in the fusion-evaporation reaction 119Sn(19F,4n)134Pr. Recoil distance Doppler-shift and Doppler-shift attenuation measurements using the Euroball spectrometer, in conjunction with the inner Bismuth Germanate ball and the Cologne plunger, were performed at beam energies of 87 MeV and 83 MeV, respectively. Reduced transition probabilities in 134Pr are compared to the predictions of the two quasiparticle + triaxial rotor and interacting boson fermion-fermion models. The experimental results do not support the presence of static chirality in 134Pr underlying the importance of shape fluctuations. Only within a dynamical context the presence of intrinsic chirality in 134Pr can be supported.

Effective charges in the fp shell.

Following the heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reaction 32S+24Mg at 95 MeV beam energy the lifetimes of analogue states in the T(z)=+/-1/2 A=51 mirror nuclei 51Fe and 51Mn have been measured using the Cologne plunger device coupled to the GASP gamma-ray spectrometer. The deduced B(E2;27/2(-)-->23/2(-)) values afford a unique opportunity to probe isoscalar and isovector polarization charges and to derive effective proton and neutron charges, epsilon(p) and epsilon(n), in the fp shell. A comparison between the experimental results and several different large-scale shell-model calculations yields epsilon(p) approximately 1.15e and epsilon(n) approximately 0.80e.

B(E2) values in 150Nd and the critical point symmetry X(5).

Lifetimes of states in 150Nd were measured using the recoil distance method following Coulomb excitation of 150Nd by a 132 MeV 32S beam. The experiment was performed at the Yale Tandem accelerator, employing the SPEEDY gamma-ray detector array and the New Yale Plunger Device. Reduced transition probabilities in 150Nd are compared to the predictions of the critical point symmetry X(5) of the phase/shape transition that occurs for the N = 90 rare earth isotones. Very good agreement was observed between the parameter-free (apart from scale) X(5) predictions and the low-spin level scheme of 150Nd, revealing this as the best case thus far for the realization of the X(5) symmetry.

Coulomb energy differences in t = 1 mirror rotational bands in (50)Fe and (50)Cr.

Gamma rays from the N = Z-2 nucleus (50)Fe have been observed, establishing the rotational ground state band up to the state J(pi) = 11+ at 6.994 MeV excitation energy. The experimental Coulomb energy differences, obtained by comparison with the isobaric analog states in its mirror (50)Cr, confirm the qualitative interpretation of the backbending patterns in terms of successive alignments of proton and neutron pairs. A quantitative agreement with experiment has been achieved by exact shell model calculations, incorporating the differences in radii along the yrast bands, and properly renormalizing the Coulomb matrix elements in the pf model space.

Crossing of shears bands in (197)Pb: B(M1) values and semiclassical description.

Subpicosecond lifetimes of states in shears band 1 in (197)Pb were measured by means of the recoil distance method employing Gammasphere and the New Yale Plunger Device. The extracted reduced matrix elements, B(M1), show a clear sensitivity to the crossing of different shears configurations reflecting the closing and reopening of the shears blades. The energies and B(M1) values in the band crossing region are successfully described in the framework of the semiclassical model of the shears bands. The relevance of core rotation contributions are shown. The results point to the existence of shears states with an angular momentum coupling angle larger than 90 degrees.

[Problems at the interface between medical and psychosocial management]. / Schnittstellenprobleme zwischen medizinischer und psychosozialer Versorgung.

Cooperation has become a standard-component in the meantime if it is about the insertion of structure-improving measures in the public health. But Problems occur in particular if the borders of the vocational activity have to be crossed with it. Prenatal-diagnostic measures as potentially conflictful psychosocial burden-situations, that take their starting point at medical actions, show very clear, that it is not only helpful but even absolutely necessary that different professions work together. However this is still the exception. The aim, standing behind these efforts, is always the creation of an integral, low-thresholded care--and support-offer for the concerned women and their partners. In the present work some important conditions for cooperation from the theory will be named, central obstacles for the build-up of cooperation described and already existing initiatives in the area of prenatal diagnostics introduced.

[Typical counseling processes in prenatal diagnosis--an explorative study]. / Typische Beratungsinhalte in der Pränataldiagnostik--eine explorative Studie.

A qualitative study is presented, investigating the subjective experiences of counsellors in consulting pregnant women expecting a child with genetic defects. The aim of the study was an exploration of consultation criteria that were used in these consultations, to systematically expand the currently used theoretical based consultation concepts by the perspectives of those involved in the consultation process. The study is part of a collaborative study, dealing with the development of consultation criteria for pregnant women. Data consist of extensive written consultation transcripts, describing typical case setting at different time points during a consultation process. We used a content-analytical approach to systematically categorize the variety of single topics mentioned in these transcripts. Typical consultation settings at different time points during consultation were compared. Data are presented using illustrated text material.