Lipid-Based Nanomedicine for Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is expected to greatly rise in future, making it a major worldwide health concern with severe impacts on individuals and society. Despite advancements in understanding the cellular and molecular aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in recent decades, it still poses a significant problem. A major problem is accurately delivering drugs to diseased neurons while minimising effects on healthy neurons. This difficulty is worsened by the low water solubility of anti-Alzheimer's disease medicines and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that hinders the entry of central nervous system pharmaceuticals that are highly lipophilic. OBJECTIVE: The focus of this article is on nanocarriers that are lipid-based. This is one of the more widely accepted methods of treating Alzheimer's disease, as it increases therapeutic efficacy while decreasing side effects related to cooperated neurological disorder payload. METHOD: Searched many databases for papers published under the title (including PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar). RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Nano Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are recognized for their ability to target the brain effectively due to their lipid-loving properties and compatibility with living tissues. They improve the absorption of drugs in the brain while decreasing the accumulation of drugs in unintended organs. This work emphasises the importance of nano lipid carriers, which are lipophilic and biocompatible and have demonstrated exceptional targeting efficiency, making them an ideal carrier system for delivering medications to the brain.

Exploring the Comprehensive Neuroprotective and Anticancer Potential of Afzelin.

Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and others) and cancer, seemingly disparate in their etiology and manifestation, exhibit intriguing associations in certain cellular and molecular processes. Both cancer and neurodegenerative diseases involve the deregulation of cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, and DNA repair and pose a significant global health challenge. Afzelin (kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside) is a flavonoid compound abundant in various plant sources. Afzelin exhibits a diverse range of biological activities, offering promising prospects for the treatment of diseases hallmarked by oxidative stress and deregulation of cell death pathways. Its protective potential against oxidative stress is also promising for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy. This review explores the potential therapeutic implications of afzelin, including its capacity to mitigate oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and promote cellular regeneration in neurodegenerative and cancer diseases.

Unravelling the Microbiome's Role in Healing Diabetic Wounds.

The process of wound healing is intricate and requires close coordination; any disruption to this process can have catastrophic results. It is hypothesized that chronic wounds that do not heal or that cease healing entirely can be caused by a combination of host factors and bacteria that are present in a wound bed or wound bed environment. There is currently a lack of understanding regarding the role that the cutaneous microbiome plays in the healing process of wounds, despite the fact that methods that do not rely on culture have revealed the role that the gut microbiome plays in human health and illness. In order to keep the host immune system in check, protect the epithelial barrier function, and ward off harmful microbes, skin commensals play a crucial role. This review compiles the research on the effects of microbiome modifications on wound healing and tissue regeneration from both clinical and pre-clinical investigations on a variety of chronic skin wounds. It is now clear that human skin commensals, symbionts, and pathogens all play a part in the inflammatory response, which in turn suggests a number of ways to treat wounds that are infected and not healing. To fully understand the function of the human skin microbiome in both short-term and long-term wound healing, additional study is required to reconcile the conflicting and contentious results of previous investigations.

Harnessing Bioprinting Technologies for Diabetic Wound Regeneration.

A chronic metabolic condition, diabetes mellitus (DM), is becoming more common all over the globe. Diabetic complications include diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Between fifteen and twenty-five percent of people with diabetes will experience DFU at some point in their lives. Prolonged hospital stays and amputations are common outcomes of DFUs due to the absence of targeted therapy and appropriate wound dressings. Specialized DFU wound care is expected to be in high demand due to the anticipated increase in the prevalence of DM. Therefore, there is a strong need to enhance and create more effective wound dressings and therapies that are unique to DFU. Bioengineered tissues, individualised prostheses, and implants are just a few examples of how 3D bioprinting has revolutionised healthcare in the past decade. This review delves into the difficulties of wound management and explores how 3D bioprinting could improve existing treatment approaches and biomanufacturing composite 3D human skin substitutes as an alternative to skin grafting. To alleviate the healthcare burden caused by the rising incidence of DM, it will be crucial to co-develop 3D bioprinting technologies with new therapeutic techniques to address the unique pathophysiological problems of DFU in the future.

Biobased Nanomaterials: Pioneering Innovations for Biomedical Advancements.

The purpose of this review article is to provide a complete overview of the fastdeveloping topic of biobased nanomaterials and the various uses that they have. An extensive study into the utilization of biological resources for nanotechnology has been motivated by the growing demand for materials that are both sustainable and favorable to the environment. In this review, the different uses of biobased nanomaterials across a variety of fields are investigated. When it comes to drug delivery systems, biosensors, nanocarriers, and catalysts, biobased nanomaterials are interesting choices because of their unique qualities. These properties include biocompatibility, programmable surface chemistry, and inherent functionality. Also, in the biomedical field, biobased nanomaterials offer promising prospects for revolutionizing medical diagnostics and therapies. Their biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and inherent functionalities make them attractive candidates for applications such as targeted drug delivery, imaging contrast agents, and tissue engineering scaffolds. In addition, the study discusses the current difficulties and potential future developments in the industry, emphasizing the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing innovation. The incorporation of nanomaterials derived from biological sources into conventional applications holds tremendous potential for the advancement of sustainable development and provides solutions to global concerns. For the purpose of providing researchers, scientists, and professionals with a complete grasp of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of biobased nanomaterials, the purpose of this review is to serve as a helpful resource.

Discussing pathologic mechanisms of Diabetic retinopathy & therapeutic potentials of curcumin and ß-glucogallin in the management of Diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a form of retinal microangiopathy that occurs as a result of long-term Diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients with Diabetes mellitus typically suffer from DR as a progression of the disease that may be due to initiation and dysregulation of pathways like the polyol, hexosamine, the AGE/RAGE, and the PKC pathway, which all have negative impacts on eye health and vision. In this review, various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct, were scoured for data relevant to the aforementioned title. The three most common therapies for DR today are retinal photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, and vitrectomy, however, there are a number of drawbacks and limits to these methods. So, it is of critical importance and profound interest to discover treatments that may successfully address the pathogenesis of DR. Curcumin and ß-glucogallin are the two potent compounds of natural origin that are already being used in various nutraceutical formulations for several ailments. They have been shown potent antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and pro-vascular function benefits in animal experiments. Their parent plant species have been used for generations by practitioners of traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and prevention of various eye ailments. In this review, we will discuss about pathophysiology of Diabetic retinopathy and the therapeutic potentials of curcumin and ß-glucogallin one of the principal compounds from Curcuma longa and Emblica officinalis in Diabetic retinopathy.

Hydrogel-based Drug Delivery System in Diabetes Management.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that there are over 200 million people living with diabetes mellitus (DM) all over the world. It is a metabolic condition caused by decreased insulin action or secretion. Diabetes Mellitus is also known as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the two most common types of DM. Treatment for type 1 diabetes often consists of insulin replacement therapy, while treatment for type 2 diabetes typically consists of oral hypoglycemics. OBJECTIVE: Conventional dosing schedules for the vast majority of these medications come with a number of drawbacks, the most common of which are frequent dosing, a short half-life, and low bioavailability. Thus, innovative and regulated oral hypoglycemic medication delivery methods have been developed to reduce the limitations of standard dose forms. METHODS: The studies and reviews published under the title were looked up in several databases (including PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar). RESULTS: Hydrogels made from biopolymers are three-dimensional polymeric networks that can be physically or chemically crosslinked. These networks are based on natural polymers and have an inherent hydrophilic quality because of the functional groups they contain. They have a very high affinity for biological fluids in addition to a high water content, softness, flexibility, permeability, and biocompatibility. The fact that these features are similar to those of a wide variety of soft living tissues paves the way for several potentials in the field of biomedicine. In this sense, hydrogels offer excellent platforms for the transport of medications and the controlled release of those drugs. Additionally, biopolymer-based hydrogels can be put as coatings on medical implants in order to improve the biocompatibility of the implants and to prevent medical diseases. CONCLUSION: The current review focuses on the most recent advancements made in the field of using biopolymeric hydrogels that are physically and chemically crosslinked, in addition to hydrogel coatings, for the purpose of providing sustained drug release of oral hypoglycemics and avoiding problems that are associated with the traditional dosage forms of oral hypoglycemics.

A Review on Natural Antioxidants for Their Role in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

The neurodegenerative condition known as Parkinson's disease (PD) is brought on by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, which is the brain region that controls body movement. PD occurs due to many factors, from which one of the acknowledged effects of oxidative stress is pathogenic pathways that play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants, including flavonoids, vitamins E and C, and polyphenolic substances, help to reduce the oxidative stress brought on by free radicals. Consequently, this lowers the risk of neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. Although there is currently no cure for neurodegenerative illnesses, these conditions can be controlled. The treatment of this disease lessens its symptoms, which helps to preserve the patient's quality of life. Therefore, the use of naturally occurring antioxidants, such as polyphenols, which may be obtained through food or nutritional supplements and have a variety of positive effects, has emerged as an appealing alternative management strategy. This article will examine the extent of knowledge about antioxidants in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, as well as future directions for research. Additionally, an evaluation of the value of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents will be provided.

Novel targets for potential therapeutic use in Diabetes mellitus.

Future targets are a promising prospect to overcome the limitation of conventional and current approaches by providing secure and effective treatment without compromising patient compliance. Diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing problem that has been raised worldwide, from 4% to 6.4% (around 285 million people) in past 30 years. This number may increase to 430 million people in the coming years if there is no better treatment or cure is available. Ageing, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are the key reasons for the worsening of this disease. It always had been a vital challenge, to explore new treatment which could safely and effectively manage diabetes mellitus without compromising patient compliance. Researchers are regularly trying to find out the permanent treatment of this chronic and life threatening disease. In this journey, there are various treatments available in market to manage diabetes mellitus such as insulin, GLP-1 agonist, biguanides, sulphonyl ureas, glinides, thiazolidinediones targeting the receptors which are discovered decade before. PPAR, GIP, FFA1, melatonin are the recent targets that already in the focus for developing new therapies in the treatment of diabetes. Inspite of numerous preclinical studies very few clinical data available due to which this process is in its initial phase. The review also focuses on the receptors like GPCR 119, GPER, Vaspin, Metrnl, Fetuin-A that have role in insulin regulation and have potential to become future targets in treatment for diabetes that may be effective and safer as compared to the conventional and current treatment approaches.