Newcastle disease virus: the past and current situation in Indonesia.

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Nevertheless, the NDV is still endemic in Indonesia, with outbreaks occurring in free-range and commercial chicken farms. The dynamic evolution of the NDV has led to the further development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for more effective control of this virus. This paper discusses the history of the NDV occurrence, vaccines, the development of diagnostic tools, and the epidemiological condition of the NDV in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has the largest poultry population in the world after China, has challenges in preventing and controlling this virus that causes economic losses to the farmers and has an impact on the welfare of the poultry farming community in Indonesia.

African swine fever in North Sumatra and West Java provinces in 2019 and 2020, Indonesia.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious viral haemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs, caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). After entering China in 2018, the disease has continued to spread through Asia. In September 2019, a team from the Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, investigated outbreaks in backyard pigs in the Dairi and Humbang Hasundutan districts of North Sumatra province. In January 2020, three pigs purchased from a pig seller in Bogor District, West Java province were also tested. Real-time PCR results confirmed ASFV DNA in sixteen out of twenty-nine samples, with nine positive samples from North Sumatra and seven from West Java. Four partial or full-length genes (i.e. p72, p54, pB602L and CD2v) and a 356-bp fragment between the I73R and I329L genes were sequenced from representative samples. Phylogenetic analysis established that the ASFV in the samples from both North Sumatra and West Java were identical, indicating a common source of infection, and that they belonged to the p72 genotype II and serogroup 8. The sequences from the Indonesian ASFVs were also identical to other genotype II ASFV from domestic pigs in Vietnam, China and Russia.

Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from brown rats and house shrews in markets, Bogor, Indonesia.

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small mammals dwelling in the city was used as an indicator of AMR bacteria in the environment. We captured 87 small mammals (79 brown rats and 8 house shrews) in four markets, Bogor, Indonesia in October 2019, and we obtained 20 AMR Escherichia coli (E. coil) from 18 brown rats and two house shrews. Of these, eight isolates were determined to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli, suggesting the potential contamination of AMR E. coli in the markets in Bogor, Indonesia, and that mammals, including humans, are at risk of infection with AMR E. coli from environment.