Machine Learning-based Deep Analysis of Human Blood using NIR Spectrophotometry Signatures.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive bio-diagnostics are essential for providing patients with safer treatment. In this subject, significant growth is attained for noninvasive anaemia detection in terms of Hb concentration by means of spectroscopic and image analysis. The lower satisfaction rate is found due to inconsistent results in various patient settings. OBJECTIVE: This observational study aims to present an adaptable point-of-care Near-Infrared (NIR) spectrophotometric approach with a constructive Machine Learning (ML) algorithm for monitoring Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration by considering dominating influencing factors into account. METHODS: To accomplish this objective, 121 subjects (19.2-55.4 years) were enrolled in the study, having a wide range of Hb concentrations (8.2-17.4 g/dL) obtained from two standard Laboratory analyzers. To inspect the performance, the unique dimensionality reduction approaches are applied with numerous regression models using 5-fold cross-validation. RESULTS: The optimum accuracy is found using support vector regression (SVR) and mutual information having 3 independent features i.e. Pearson correlation (r)= 0.79, standard deviation (SD)= 1.07 g/dL, bias=-0.13 g/dL and limits of agreement (LoA)=-2.22 to 1.97 g/dL. Additionally, comparability between two standard laboratory analyzers is found as; r=0.97, SD=0.50 g/dL, bias=0.21 g/dL, and LoA= -0.77 to 1.19 g/dL. CONCLUSION: The precision of ±1 g/dL in 5-fold cross-validation ensures the same performance irrespective of different age groups, gender, BMI, smoking level, drinking level, and skin type. The outcomes with the offered NIR sensing system and an exclusive ML algorithm can accelerate its' requirement at remote locative rural areas and critical care units where continuous Hb monitoring is compulsory.

Effects of piperazine and EDTA in garden snail towards electrolytic variation and antimicrobial activities.

The present study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of piperazine and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in the garden snail, Cornu aspersum. EDTA and piperazine-like chemicals are widely used in various pharmaceutical, household, and industrial applications. The snails after collection were kept in different earthen pots and treated with these chemicals at different concentrations. A higher concentration of these chemicals led to a change in foot color from light to dark brown and loss in average weight with time. It has been found that a 10-fold increase in piperazine and EDTA concentration reduces weight by approximately 12.7- and 11.6-fold, respectively. Further, the study provides an insight into the altered antimicrobial activity of crude extract when treated with ligands. Additionally, the variations in the electrolytes in the mucus sample have been observed with the mean standard deviation (± SD) of 6.4 and 2.4 for Na+ and K+ ions, respectively.

Environmental biomonitoring by snails.

Background: Bio-indicator systems are vital in terms of monitoring of pollutants around the world. The impact of environmental change can be monitored by employing the responsive behaviour of snails. Heavy metal and organic pollutants affects snail reproduction, mortality, and normal metabolic activities. Various changes like a discontinuity in food intake, growth rate, twitching, and quenching of tentacles, are the biomarkers of the snails for biomonitoring. Different snails can bio-monitor eco-toxicological urban pollution, oil pollutant, terrestrial pollution, pesticide pollutants, mercury contamination, ammonia, chlorinated paraffin in soil, ethanol in water, ocean acidification pollutions. These animals can also make bio-sense about diverse environment spheres, which include the biosphere, lithosphere, anthroposphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere.Methods: We examined the scientific literature and related articles listed in Pub-med, Google Scholar reporting on biomonitoring potential and biomarkers expression of various snail species and consequently explore the value of snails in the respective field by discussing various outcomes of a number of studies on the pollution biomonitoring and biosensing capabilities.Results: Several terrestrial, freshwater and sea snail species are characterized by the high sense of biomonitoring and biosensing potential. Various biomarkers such as expression of heat shock proteins and metallothioneins in the body are found to be the essential in-vivo biomarkers for pollution biomonitoring.Conclusion: It is observed that snails offer an environment friendly approach for the environmental bio monitoring by expressing their numerous physiological, biochemical, genetical and histological biomarkers in their body. Thus, it proved to be a critical bio monitoring tool and early warning indicators.

Human health and snails.

Snails can provide a considerable variety of bioactive compounds for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, useful for the development of new formulations with less toxicity and post effects compared to regular compounds used for the purpose. Compounds from crude extract, mucus, slime consist of glycans, polypeptides, proteins, etc., and can be used for curing diseases like viral lesions, warts, and different dermal problems. Some particular uses of snails involve treating post-traumatic stress. Micro RNA of Lymnaea stagnalis, was known to be responsible for the development of long-term memory and treatment of Alzheimer's and Dementia like diseases. This review explores the application of various bioactive compounds from snails with its potential as new translational medicinal and cosmetic applications. Snail bioactive compounds like ω-MVIIA, µ-SIIIA, µO-MrVIB, Xen2174, δ-EVIA, α-Vc1.1, σ-GVIIA, Conantokin-G, and Contulakin-G, conopeptides can be used for the development of anti-cancer drugs. These compounds target the innate immunity and improve the defense system of humans and provide protection against these life-threatening health concerns.AbbreviationsFDA: Food and Drug Administration; UTI: urinal tract infection; nAChRs: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; CNS: central nervous system; CAR T: chimeric antigen receptors therapy; Micro RNA: micro ribonucleic acid.

Design and Validation of an Open-Source, Partial Task Trainer for Endonasal Neuro-Endoscopic Skills Development: Indian Experience.

BACKGROUND: Box trainers are ideal simulators, given they are inexpensive, accessible, and use appropriate fidelity. OBJECTIVE: The development and validation of an open-source, partial task simulator that teaches the fundamental skills necessary for endonasal skull-base neuro-endoscopic surgery. METHODS: We defined the Neuro-Endo-Trainer (NET) SkullBase-Task-GraspPickPlace with an activity area by analyzing the computed tomography scans of 15 adult patients with sellar suprasellar parasellar tumors. Four groups of participants (Group E, n = 4: expert neuroendoscopists; Group N, n =19: novice neurosurgeons; Group R, n = 11: neurosurgery residents with multiple iterations; and Group T, n = 27: neurosurgery residents with single iteration) performed grasp, pick, and place tasks using NET and were graded on task completion time and skills assessment scale score. RESULTS: Group E had lower task completion times and greater skills assessment scale scores than both Group N and R (P ≤ 0.03, 0.001). The performance of Groups N and R was found to be equivalent; in self-assessing neuro-endoscopic skill, the participants in these groups were found to have equally low pretraining scores (4/10) with significant improvement shown after NET simulation (6, 7 respectively). Angled scopes resulted in decreased scores with tilted plates compared with straight plates (30° P ≤ 0.04, 45° P ≤ 0.001). With tilted plates, decreased scores were observed when we compared the 0° with 45° endoscope (right, P ≤ 0.008; left, P ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The NET, a face and construct valid open-source partial task neuroendoscopic trainer, was designed. Presimulation novice neurosurgeons and neurosurgical residents were described as having insufficient skills and preparation to practice neuro-endoscopy. Plate tilt and endoscope angle were shown to be important factors in participant performance. The NET was found to be a useful partial-task trainer for skill building in neuro-endoscopy.