Perspectives on diagnostic radiographers' motivation for becoming researchers: A qualitative focus group study.

INTRODUCTION: This paper presents motivational factors to engage, start a research project and pursue a research career. The study aimed to investigate radiographer's motivation for engaging in research. METHODS: Eight radiographers from Denmark with experience in research were interviewed in a 2-h focus group interview in October 2023. This qualitative approach was selected to allow the participants to discuss their opinions and values. The discussions were audio recorded and transcribed before the thematic analysis was performed. RESULTS: The analysis revealed six main themes: the importance of radiographic research, the importance of radiographers' participation in research, research radiographers' motivation, funding and participation in research projects, demotivation and difficulties, and facilitating radiographic research in the future. CONCLUSION: The participants were motivated by different factors. The participants found both research in radiography and radiographers' participation in research-related activities important, although they found lack of support from managers, funding, and time to be demotivational factors. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: This study contributes to the limited literature on motivational factors for becoming a researcher within radiography.

Clinical decisions-making within diagnostic radiography - A scoping review.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and synthesise literature on clinical decision-making within diagnostic radiography, to uncover the important elements, and to identify knowledge gaps for further investigation. The scoping review question was: How do diagnostic radiographers make clinical decisions? KEY FINDINGS: Radiographers make clinical decisions before, during and after examinations. The primary source of information radiographers use is the clinical request, however, if they doubt something, they rely on their colleague's points of view rather than evidence-based practice. Many elements must be considered in the clinical decision-making process; however, lack of autonomy, sparse information on the clinical requests, and lack of time affect the process, which can lead to a barrier to effective decision-making. CONCLUSION: Clinical decisions are made based on many different elements before, during, and after examinations in combination with different types of knowledge, as well as technical and organisational aspects within radiography clinical practice. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: There is a need to focus on giving more attention to developing the decision-making elements. In addition, there must be more focus on improving intra-professional work between radiographers and radiologists to facilitate radiographers' opportunities to act on their clinical decisions.

[Prevalence Of Tooth Decay In Children From Age 3 To 14 At The Department Of Odontology Of Militairy Hopital Of Bamako (IHB) In Mali]. / Prevalence De La Carie Dentaire Chez Les Enfants De 3 A 14 Ans Dans Le Service D'Odontologie De L'Infirmerie Hopital Militaire De Bamako (IHB) Au Mali.

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study lasting 8 months from 20 January to 20 September 2013, carried out in the Department of Dentistry of the Bamako IHB Military Hospital. Thus, out of 263 children surveyed, 178 cases of tooth decay were recorded, ie 67.68%. Females accounted for 97 cases or 54.49% with a sex ratio of 1.2; the 3- to 6-year age group accounted for 72 cases, or 40.45%. School children accounted for 85.39% of cases. The children who brushed represent 168 cases or 94.38%. Those who brushed once were the most represented with 145 cases or 86.30%. Almost all patients had consulted for swelling and pain. The group of lower right and left lower temporal molars were the most represented with respectively 24.71% and 28.09%. Temporary teeth were 103 (71.0%) were mainly the most affected. Stage 3 caries known as pulp according to the classification of early childhood caries represented 145 cases, ie 81.46%. The lower jaw represented 142 cases, ie 77.76%. Oral health plays an important role in children to maintain oral functions. It is necessary for eating, developing speech and a positive self-image. It is therefore time to focus on education campaigns, information for behavioral change in oral hygiene and the use of anti-caries adjuvants in children.

Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale, descriptive d'une durée de 8 mois allant du 20 Janvier au 20 Septembre 2013 réalisée dans le service d'Odontologie de l'Infirmerie Hôpital Militaire de Bamako IHB. Ainsi, Sur 263 enfants enquêtés 178 cas de carie dentaire ont été recensés soit une prévalence de67,68 %. Le sexe féminin a représenté 97 cas soit 54,49 % avec un sexe ratio de 1,2. La tranche d'âge de 3 à 6 ans a représenté 72 cas soit 40,45 %.Les enfants scolarisés ont représenté 85,39 % des cas. Les enfants qui se brossaient représentent 168 cas soit 94,38 %. Ceux qui se brossaient une fois ont été les plus représentés avec 145 cas soit 86,30%. La quasi-totalité des patients avaient consulté pour tuméfaction et douleur.Le groupe des molaires temporaires inferieures droite et gauche ont été les plus représentées avec respectivement 24,71% et 28,09 %.Les dents temporaires soient 103 (71,0%) ont été principalement les plus affectées. La carie du stade 3 dite pulpaire selon la classification de la carie de la petite enfance a représenté 145 cas soit 81,46 %. Le maxillaire inferieur a représenté 142 cas soit 77,76%.La santé bucco-dentaire joue un rôle important chez les enfants pour maintenir les fonctions orales. Elle est nécessaire pour manger, développer la parole et une auto-image positive. Il est donc temps de mettre l'accent sur les campagnes d'éducation, information pour un changement de comportement face à l'hygiène bucco-dentaire et à l'utilisation des adjuvants anti carieux chez les enfants.

Clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus disease in children in a west African city. Project RETRO-CI.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of HIV infection in children and to compare diagnostic syndromes and outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. METHODS: Consecutive children hospitalized in Abidjan's three university hospitals were examined, tested for HIV infection and followed to discharge. Admission or discharge diagnoses and outcome (survived or died) were compared in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV infection in the 4480 children hospitalized for the first time was 8.2%; the highest age-specific rate (11.2%) was in children ages 15 to 23 months. Six clinical syndromes accounted for more than 80% of admissions in HIV-positive and -negative children (all ages combined): respiratory infection; malnutrition; malaria; anemia; diarrhea; and meningitis. The dominant syndromic diagnoses in HIV-positive children were respiratory infection (26.1%) and malnutrition (25.8%); in HIV-negative children they were malaria (30.4%) and respiratory infection (19.1%). The overall mortality rate in HIV-positive children was 20.8%, compared with 8.7% in HIV-negative children (relative risk, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 3.1); the highest death rate (28.1%) was in children younger than 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical syndromes associated with HIV infection in African children are difficult to recognize without access to HIV serology. Respiratory infection and malnutrition were the dominant clinical syndromes in HIV-positive children in Abidjan. Greater overlap exists between the clinical presentations of HIV-associated disease and other common health problems in African children than in adults.

Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in a west African population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in selected populations in West Africa and to determine whether an association exists between AIDS-like illnesses and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in HIV-negative individuals. DESIGN: Retrospective review of databases and prospective case-control study. SETTING: Project RETRO-CI, an AIDS research project in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a University Hospital and tuberculosis treatment and maternal and child health centres in Abidjan. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts performed between 1991 and 1992 on hospitalized medical patients, outpatients with tuberculosis, and women participating in a study of HIV-1 and HIV-2 mother-to-child transmission. A prospective case-control study was conducted in 1992 to examine the relationship between HIV-negative CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion and wasting syndrome (wasting and chronic diarrhoea and/or chronic fever). RESULTS: In the retrospective data review, CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts < 300 x 10(6)/l were found in 9.6% of 115 HIV-negative hospitalized patients, in 4.2% of 312 ambulatory tuberculosis patients, and in 0.4% of 263 healthy women after delivery. In the case-control study, no association was found between CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in HIV-negative individuals and the presence of wasting syndrome. Increased mortality in HIV-negative individuals was associated with wasting but not with reduced CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts. In contrast, a trend existed for increased mortality with increasingly severe CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in HIV-positive patients. Tuberculosis was the most frequently proven or suspected diagnosis in HIV-negative individuals with wasting and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of HIV infection, CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia is uncommon (< 1%) in West African asymptomatic individuals but is more frequent in those with tuberculosis (4%) and hospitalized patients (10%). CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia in HIV-negative individuals was not associated with wasting syndrome or increased mortality. There was no evidence for frequent, clinically relevant immune deficiency other than that associated with HIV infection.

Mortality trends in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 1983-1988.

To assess changes in mortality in Abidjan since the development of the AIDS epidemic, we compared official city mortality statistics and hospital fatality rates in 1983, before AIDS was recognized in Abidjan, with those in 1988. Review of records in the city's major hospitals showed that fatality rates (deaths per 1000 admissions) in adult medical patients increased by 54% between 1983 and 1988, with increases of 106 and 98% in men 20-29 and 30-39 years of age, respectively, and 199 and 42% in women of the same age ranges. Mortality rates in surgical patients showed little change, while in children they declined. Over the same period, official mortality statistics for the city showed reduced mortality rates in children and women 20-29 years of age, but an increase in mortality rates of 54% in men 20 years of age and older, and of 28% in women aged 30 years and older. HIV infection may be a major cause of the increased adult mortality documented in hospital and city records, and jeopardizes improved survival from preventive measures such as maternal and child health services.

AIDS--the leading cause of adult death in the West African City of Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

In 1988 to 1989, 698 adult cadavers in Abidjan's two largest morgues were studied, representing 38 to 43% of all adult deaths in the city over the study period, and 6 to 7% of annual deaths. Forty-one percent of male and 32% of female cadavers were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Fifteen percent of adult male and 13% of adult female annual deaths are due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In Abidjan, AIDS is the leading cause of death and years of potential life lost in adult men, followed by unintentional injuries and tuberculosis. In women, AIDS is the second leading cause of death and premature mortality, after deaths related to pregnancy and abortion. AIDS-specific and AIDS-proportional mortality rates may be higher in other African cities where AIDS has been found for a longer time than in Abidjan.

A comparison of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in hospitalized patients in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

In late 1988, a cross-sectional study of 1715 adult medical patients hospitalized in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, west Africa, showed an overall prevalence of HIV infection of 46% in men and 28% in women. On the basis of specific testing by whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot and synthetic peptide ELISA, HIV-1 infection was found in 25%, HIV-2 infection in 4%, and reactivity to both viruses in 11% of male and female patients combined. People infected with HIV-2, as well as those who were reactive to both HIV-1 and HIV-2, had a frequency of AIDS-associated symptoms and signs similar to that in HIV-1-infected patients, and significantly greater than that in seronegative patients. The significance of dual reactivity, and the natural history and disease spectrum of HIV-2 infection, require further study. Synthetic peptide ELISA is valuable for specific serodiagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. Advanced HIV-2 infection in hospitalized patients in Abidjan is associated with the same symptoms and signs as HIV-1 infection.

Rapid emergence of AIDS in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

Between July and November, 1988, 1501 consecutive adult medical admissions to the two largest hospitals in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, were studied. The overall prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 was 43% in hospital A and 28% in hospital B. AIDS accounted for 19% and 9%, respectively, of medical admissions to the two hospitals, and for 33% of medical deaths in hospital A. The risk of death was significantly higher in HIV-seropositive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (risk ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0-3.2) and in HIV-positive patients who did not meet the AIDS case-definition (risk ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3) than HIV-negative patients. The male/female ratio of the 265 cases of AIDS identified was 4.8. 50% of patients with AIDS were seropositive for HIV-1 only, 4% for HIV-2 only, and 46% reacted serologically to both viruses. The minimum incidence of AIDS in adult male and female residents of Abidjan (per million per year) is estimated at 1447 and 340 cases, respectively. AIDS in this West African city has emerged as a major public health problem.

PIP: Between July and November 1988, 1501 consecutive adult medical admissions to the 2 largest hospitals in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, were studied. The overall prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 was 43% in hospital A and 28% in hospital B. AIDS accounted for 19% and 9%, respectively, of medical admissions to the 2 hospitals, and for 33% of medical deaths in hospital A. The risk of death was significantly higher in HIV-seropositive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (risk ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-3.2) and in HIV-positive patients who did not meet the AIDS case-definition (risk ratio 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3) than HIV-negative patients. The male/female ratio of the 265 cases of AIDS identified was 4.8. 50% of patients with AIDS were seropositive for HIV-1 only, 4% for HIV-2 only, and 46% reacted serologically to both viruses. The minimum incidence of AIDS in adult male and female residents of Abidjan (per million per year) is estimated at 1447 and 340 cases, respectively. AIDS in this West African city has emerged as a major public health problem. (Author's).