[Epidemiological, clinical and etiological profile of tinea capitis in adult patients in Dakar, Senegal]. / Profil épidémio-clinique et étiologique des teignes du cuir chevelu chez l'adulte à Dakar (Sénégal).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological and etiological profile of tinea capitis in adults in Dakar (Senegal). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 9-month prospective, multicenter, descriptive and analytic study. Patients included were aged over 18 years. Mycological tests were used to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: 121 patients were included with a mean age of 36.1 years and a hospitalisation frequency of 0.8%. The age range of 64.4% of patients was between19 and 38 years. 51% of patients were housewives. A low socioeconomic level was found in 72.8% of cases. In 3.3% of patients, the disease began in childhood. 31.4% of patients had already consulted a traditional healer. Similar familial cases were noted in 60.3% of patients. Contact with a sheep was noted in 32.2% of cases, deliberate skin lightening in 64% of women, hair salon attendance in 46.7% of women, and immunosuppression in 17.3% of patients, while itching was present in 95.5%. Dermatologic examination showed scaled plaques and a diffuse form, with 92.6% and 64% (n=75) respectively. Wood's light examination was positive in 40.2% of patients. A positive culture test was found in 71%. The most frequently encountered species were: T. soudanense (65%), M. audouinii (21%), T. rubrum (4.7%), M. gypseum (3.5%), T. violaceum (2.3%), T. verrucosum (2.3%) and M. canis (1 case). The clinical course was favorable under treatment with griseofulvin or terbinafine. CONCLUSION: Tinea capitis in adults mainly affects young women. The diffuse form is the most common. The most frequently encountered species was T. soudanense.

[Relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the sagittal cephalometric measurements]. / Relations entre le caractère obstructif des amygdales palatines et les mensurations céphalométriques du sens sagittal.

INTRODUCTION: The role of obstructive tonsils in the sagittal dimension of the skeleton-dental abnormalities is widely discussed in the literature but remains controversial. Data on the probable relationship between obstructive tonsils and the presence of these abnormalities were subjective. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the sagittal cephalometric measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in children aged between 6 to 12 years divided into 2 groups (A and B) according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Cephalometric measurements were recorded on each child. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. At Student test was used to compare quantitative variables according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Subjects with obstructive tonsils (group B) are significantly more trend to have a convex facial profile and a skeletal class II with more mandibular retrusion and retroclined incisor compared with subjects without obstructive tonsils (group A). CONCLUSION: Early evaluation of children with obstructive tonsils can prevent sagittal dimension of the squeleto-dental abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction. Thus late and more aggressive treatments which are not always as efficient as when they were performed during childhood will be avoided.

[Sagittal photogrammetric evaluation of the soft tissue profile between two different racial groups: a comparative study]. / Caractéristiques photogrammétriques sagittales de profil des tissus mous chez deux groupes raciaux. Etude comparative.

INTRODUCTION: Facial soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) showed interracial dimorphism. Standard of these facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian might not be appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics between Senegalese and Moroccan adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Twenty four linear parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. For each variable mean and SD were calculated. In addition independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Senegalese subjects had significantly more lips protrusion than Moroccan who had significantly a more elongated and more anterior positioned nose, a more chin prominence and a tendency to cutaneous class II than Senegalese. CONCLUSION: Further studies including different age groups subjects would allow having longitudinal data according to age.

[Relationships between the dental arches measurements and the peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF): a cross sectional study on 78 Senegalese teenagers]. / Relations entre les mensurations des arcades dentaires et le débit nasal inspiratoire de pointe: etude transversale sur 78 adolescents Senegalais.

INTRODUCTION: Upper airways obstruction can result in the reduction of the transversal dimensions of the maxillary arch which affect the vertical and the sagittal dimensions. The PNIF measure is an objec- tive and cheap way to assess the upper airways permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PNIF and dental arch sizes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy eight patients (40 girls and 38 boys) age ranged 10-15 years were included in this cross sectional study. The PNIF was measured with a Youlten peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International, London, United Kingdom). The sagittal, vertical and transversal dimensions of the dental arches were evaluated on dental casts with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). T test was used to assess differences in PNIF and dental arches variables between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the dental arches sizes and the PNIF. The significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: PNIF rate was higher in girls than in boys but the difference was not significant. There were sexual dimorphism regarding the anterior and total lengths of the upper arch, the total length of the lower arch and the maxillary intermolar width which are significantly more important for boys (p respectively equal to 0.05; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.04). The PNIF was significantly and negatively correlated with the total length of the upper arch (r = -0.25). The others measurements did not show significant correlation with PNIF. CONCLUSION: Others parameters are needed to complement the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate for the respiratory disorders related dental arches sizes abnormalities diagnosis.

[Cephalometric features of patients referred for orthodontic treatment at the Dentistry Department of Dakar University]. / Caractéristiques céphalométriques de sujets reçus en consultation d'orthodontie à la clinique du Département d'odontologie de Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: Each ethnic group has its own characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty two lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Conventional cephalomebic analysis was performed with 17 measurements (6 linear and 11 angular) t test was used to assess differences in age and cephalometric variable between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). A P value of < or = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between Senegalese men and women. This study shows an increase in the maxillary protrusion and a decrease in the mandibular protrusion with his corollary of skeletal class II. The mean of the vertical dimension measurements suggest a hyperdivergence. Protrusive lips were associated with incisors protrusion. CONCLUSION: These results which show morphological differences between Senegalese subjects and other populations consolidate the idea that the racial and ethnic characteristics must be taken into account during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

[Influence of orthodontic anomalies on periodontal condition]. / Influence des anomalies orthodontiques sur l'état parodontal.

INTRODUCTION: Three main reasons are routinely cited to justify the provision of orthodontic treatment: improvement of facial and dental aesthetics and of dental health and function. However, association between malocclusions and periodontal condition is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the correlation between certain orthodontic anomalies and periodontal condition. MATERIALS AND METHOD: One hundred and one subjects were included in this study. Information regarding oral hygiene habits and accessibility to professional oral health care were obtained from each subject. Malocclusions were assessed with the Indice of Orthodontc Treatment Need (IOTN) and the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need (ICON) and periodontal with the Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Need (CPITN). Spearman Rank correlation order was used to test for any association between malocclusions and periodontal condition. Significance was set at the 5% level. RESULTS: Contact point displacements (malpositions) are positively and significantly correlated to CPITN in the mandibular arch. There was also significant negative correlation between spacing and CPITN in the maxilla. Openbite and overjet assessed by IOTN have a significant positive correlation with the periodontal condition as assessed by the CPITN. In contrast no correlation was found with dental crossbite (IOTN and ICON). At last, there was significant correlation between overbite and periodontal condition. CONCLUSION: Significant correlations were found between malocclusions and periodontal condition. Within the limitation of this study one can suggest that malocclusions are risk marker for periodontal diseases. However, this study by virtue of its protocol cannot allow us to makeany inference about a cause/effect relationship between malocclusions and periodontal condition.

[Comparative odontometric data between Moroccan and Senegalese]. / Données odontométriques comparées chez des populations Marocaine et Sénégalaise.

INTRODUCTION: knowledge on the mesiodistal crown diameter of permanent teeth is relevant to clinical dentistry especially to orthodontics and prosthetic dentistry. Important variations have been reported in tooth crown size dimension between different populations. This seems to be related to complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to compare the mesiodistal crown diameter of the permanent teeth in Moroccan and Senegalese populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the material for this study consisted of 104 pairs of study models of randomlyselected Moroccan (54 pairs) and Senegalese (50 pairs) children. The maximum mesiodistal dimensions were recorded for premolars, molars, canines and incisors in each study model using an electronic digital calliper (Mitutoyo, Japan) to the nearest 0.01 mm. The mesiodistal diameter of antimeric teeth was compared using paired sample t test. The independent sample t test was used to test for any difference between Moroccan and Senegalese regarding mesiodistal crown diameter of isomeric teeth. RESULTS: there were no significant differences in the mesiodistal diameter of antimeric teeth. The mesiodistal dimension of the canine was significantly larger in males than in females of both populations. The mesiodistal crown diameter of isomeric teeth was significantly larger in Senegalese in comparison to Moroccan. CONCLUSION: Further work with a larger number of non orthodontic subjects is needed to validate these findings.

[Applicability of standard of Demirjian's method for dental maturation in Senegalese children]. / Applicabilite des standards de maturation de Demirjian chez des enfants Senegalais.

INTRODUCTION: the dental age which can be deduced from the stages of dental maturation is accepted as being a reliable indicator in the estimate of civil age of children whose date of birth is unknown. It is also a good indicator of the biological maturity of growing children and the relevance of its use in paediatric dentistry and orthodontics was proven. Various methods of determination of maturation or dental development from radiographies were described. The mostly used method is that of Demirjian. Studies have shown that genetic factors could influence the maturation of certain organs. Thus, the generalisation of Demirjian standards to others population can be questioned. The aim of the present study was to test the applicability of Demirjian's standards for the determination of the civil age from dental maturation stages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dental maturation stages of a randomised sample of 200 Senegalese children aged from 6 to 14 years (101 boys and 99 girls) was evaluated by Demirjian's method. Data collected were converted into Dental Age from the conversion charts proposed by Demirjian. The dental age obtained was compared with the civil age of the subjects. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that the civil age of the patients was overestimated when evaluated from Demirjian's standards (0.89 years for girls and 0.48 years for boys). A linear regression equation was then proposed for the correct estimate of the civil age from the dental maturation stages.

[Comparison of the perception of esthetic and orthodontic treatment need between an African and a Caucasian population]. / Comparaison de la perception de l'esthetique et du besoin de traitement orthodontique entre des populations Africaine et Caucasienne.

INTRODUCTION: Improvement of dentofacial appearance is often the main motives of patient seeking orthodontic treatment. However perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need may be different among populations of different cultural background. The aim of the present study was to compare the perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need between Caucasian (French) and African (Senegalese) MATERIALS AND METHOD: In the present study the perception of the attractiveness of 98 colours photographs of dentitions were assessed by 34 Caucasian and 31 African lay judges by mean of a Power Point presentation. Each slide were displayed for evaluation during 20 seconds RESULTS: The two populations share the same perception of orthodontic aesthetic with respect to some occlusal traits. However they diverge in their appreciation of 70% of the dentitions with midline diastemas. There were also significant differences in the perception of orthodontic treatment need with the Caucasian judges suggesting treatment more often than Africans. CONCLUSION: The results are discussed in term of accessibility in orthodontic treatment in association with socioeconomic status.

[Surgical and Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Canines: A Clinical Report]. / Prise en charge chirurgicale et orthodontique de canines incluses : rapport d'une observation clinique.

Impaction of tooth can be defined as a failure of a tooth to emerge usually due to insufficient space or the presence of a supernumerary tooth blocking its path of eruption. Impaction of the canines deserves particular attention due to their importance regarding occlusal stability and aesthetic. A case of a young girl who presented with an impaction of both upper canines and the lower left canine is reported here. Good therapeutic results have been obtained after 18 month of treatment with a multidisciplinary team involving oral surgeons, periodontists and orthodontists.

[Not Available]. / Le besoin de traitement orthodontique : l'ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) (troisième partie*).

The ICON (Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need) is a new index based on the consensus opinion of 97 European and American orthodontists. It records orthodontics treatment need on the basis of 5 components i.e. crossbite, upper arch crowding/spacing, buccal segment antero-posterior relationship and anterior vertical relationship. This index can be used in epidemiological studies and by public services and third party co-payment for the determination of those patients who may be eligible for public funding or reimbursement of fees.

[The need for orthodontic treatment. Justification and methods of evaluation (part 1)]. / Le besoin de traitement orthodontique. Justification et méthodes d'evaluation (première partie).

Most adolescents in developing countries undergo orthodontic treatment. Three main reasons are routinely cited to justify the provision of orthodontic treatment i.e. the improvement of facial and/or dental aesthetic, the preservation of the health and functioning of the dentition. Orthodontic indices have been devised to minimise the subjectivity related to the classic orthodontic diagnosis. These indices can be classified under five headings: nosological, epidemiological, treatment need, outcome and complexity.

[Orthodontic treatment need: the IOTN, or Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (part 2)]. / Le besoin de traitement orthodontique: l'IOTN, ou index of orthodontic treatment need (deuxième partie).

IOTN is an index of orthodontic treatment need that has been devised on the basis of the available evidences of the deleterious effects of malocclusion on the aesthetic and health of the dentition. It has two components i.e. an aesthetic component and a dental health component. This index is widely used in epidemiological research and by third party payment for determination of those patients who should benefit from public funding.

Mixed dentition analysis in a Moroccan population.

The aims of this study were to produce odontometric data for a Moroccan population, to test Tanaka and Johnston and Moyers methods, to derive regression equations and elaborate a specific orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children. 50 dental casts of Moroccan students (25 males, 25 females, mean age 22.6 years sd 1.35) were used to perform measurements of the greatest mesiodistal widths of all mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars and mandibular incisors with an orthodontic calliper. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes (p = .001). The study revealed close relationships between the total mesiodistal widths of the mandibular permanent incisors and that of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars. The correlation coefficients (r) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were better sexes combined for the maxilla (r = 0.60 ; R2 = 0.36 ) and for the mandible (r = 0.61 ; R2= 0.37). The regression equations elaborated for males and females were used as a basis for establishing an orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children.

[Surgical and orthodontic treatment of inclusions and dental retentions: report on the upper incisives and canines block]. / Traitement chirurgico-orthodontique des inclusions et rétentions dentaires: à propos du bloc incisivo-canin supérieur.

We have consecrated this retrospective report to the clinical study and treatment of 18 cases of inclusions and dental retention observed in the services of orthodontics and oral surgery of the department of odontology of the medical faculty of the Dakar University. From that study it arises that 50% of the inclusions and retentions are casually discovered and that canines and central incisives take up to the first place. With regard to the surgical treatment associated to orthodontics, it is only seldom worked up because of its duration and the late appearance of the results. However it agrees to retain that the treatment of these affections can be conceived only in the point of view of a multidisciplinary approach.

[Treating five cases of Class III skeletal brachygnatia maxilla with the Delaire mask]. / Traitement de cinq Classe III squelettique brachygnatie maxillaire avec le masque de Délaire.

Class III skeletal abnormalities are known as sagittal defects and they are recognized by a hollow profile, which is an unesthaetical morphological distorsion often ill--accepted by the patient, a severe disability. Due to the large number of clinical patterns, it is crucial to make an accurate diagnosis. Class Ill skeletal abnormalities involving a maxillary brachygnatia are caused by an insufficient development of the jawbone. Treatment will therefore consist in boosting growth of the lower back section of the jawbone. The external device known as Delaire mask which stimulates growth of the lower back section of the jaw is particularly recommended to achieve this. This piece of research set out to assess the effectiveness of this method based on five of our patients. Outstanding results were obtained, namely alveolar ridge slided forward on the jawbone, improved profile (a cutaneous Class I is obtained), and a disappearance of the occlusion, along with a correction of the inverted backward bite. When adequately prescribed, the use of the Delaire mask, as opposed to corrective surgery, leads to a slow and gradual improvement. Furthermore, results achieved among young children blend into their own natural growth. By resorting to early treatment with the mask, it is possible to avoid falling back on complex surgery, which would almost necessarily be of the orthognatic type among adults.

[The health of the child during eruption of the deciduous teeth]. / La santé de l'enfant au cours de l'éruption des dents temporaires.

Teething is a physiological process that may be marked by local regional or general physiopathologies. We have studied these disorders in a sample of 499 children whom we followed from the age of 5 until the age of 30 months. The study consisted in a clinical endobuccal examination. Each month we recorded the order and the eruption date of the tooth or teeth and the disturbances that arise during the process or after, if any. We expose the results of this study in this paper. We collected local and general disturbances during the primary teeth eruption period. We considered that in certain conditions these disturbances could be to the eruption process. Teething is certainly a natural process, however considering its traumatic impact on the young child, we should not reject the aetiology in the justification of the disturbances observed in this process and seek another one which might not be valid.

[Discriminating factors of mandibular divergence]. / Les facteurs discriminants de la divergence mandibulaire.

The aim of this work is to identify the discriminating factors of mandibular divergence. 90 patient records taken from the 98--99. 99--2000 files in the orthopedic dentistry service of the Department of Odontology at Dakar University were examined. The patients selected were all of Black African descent and aged from 11 to 13. This work consists in the cephalometric examination of X-ray profiles radiographis in order to compare various elements between normodivergent and open-bite subjects. The statistical analysis of data along with various tests carried out led to the following conclusions: - Measuring FMA. GOI-Me/Oli, GOI-Me/Pocc, Ans-Pns/GOI-Me and chin angle can be used to discriminate between open-bite and normodivergent patients. - SN/GOI-Me has a positive correlation with GOI-Me/Oli, GOI-Me/ Pocc, Ans-Pns/Pocc, Ans-Pns/GOI-Me and FMA. - The chin angle has a negative correlation with the previous forms of measurements. - The correlation between Ans-Pns/Pocc and the other measures is weak. - The average difference between the measures of both groups is important, which means that these variables discriminate between normodivergent et open-bite patients. BIased on the most discriminating variables, we produced the following function of classification: F= - 1,542 -0,095(Angle) + 0.098(Ans-Pns/GOI-Me) + 0,145(FMA) We have also established an equation of probability for a patient to be normodivergent or open-bite, which is as follows: Pr (Normal) -----------=e(-0.273 FMA -0.267 ANS-NS/MEGOI +0.272 ANGLE) Pr (hyper)

[Chronology and date of eruption of primary teeth in Senegal]. / Chronologie et date d'éruption des dents temporaires au Sénégal.

Chronology and eruption dates of primary teeth are parameters of importance in different medical scientific fields. We carried a longitudinal clinical study to determine these parameters in a local Senegalese population. The study interests a sample of 573 Senegalese Negro children of the two sexes and its aims are to situate these parameters formally and in space in on hand, and to be able to justify; in comparison to these parameters, the disturbances which accompany often the phenomenon of dental eruption in the other hand. We have results relating to chronology and eruption date of the 20 primary teeth of each of the children. Our study strengthens data already known but it reveals also other data as well as important. Other studies are however necessary to set a good board of chronology and eruption date of primary teeth in the Senegalese population.