Synthesis of intensity gradient and texture information for efficient three-dimensional segmentation of medical volumes.

We propose a framework that efficiently employs intensity, gradient, and textural features for three-dimensional (3-D) segmentation of medical (MRI/CT) volumes. Our methodology commences by determining the magnitude of intensity variations across the input volume using a 3-D gradient detection scheme. The resultant gradient volume is utilized in a dynamic volume growing/formation process that is initiated in voxel locations with small gradient magnitudes and is concluded at sites with large gradient magnitudes, yielding a map comprising an initial set of partitions (or subvolumes). This partition map is combined with an entropy-based texture descriptor along with intensity and gradient attributes in a multivariate analysis-based volume merging procedure that fuses subvolumes with similar characteristics to yield a final/refined segmentation output. Additionally, a semiautomated version of the aforestated algorithm that allows a user to interactively segment a desired subvolume of interest as opposed to the entire volume is also discussed. Our approach was tested on several MRI and CT datasets and the results show favorable performance in comparison to the state-of-the-art ITK-SNAP technique.

Multispectral image denoising with optimized vector bilateral filter.

Vector bilateral filtering has been shown to provide good tradeoff between noise removal and edge degradation when applied to multispectral/hyperspectral image denoising. It has also been demonstrated to provide dynamic range enhancement of bands that have impaired signal to noise ratios (SNRs). Typical vector bilateral filtering described in the literature does not use parameters satisfying optimality criteria. We introduce an approach for selection of the parameters of a vector bilateral filter through an optimization procedure rather than by ad hoc means. The approach is based on posing the filtering problem as one of nonlinear estimation and minimization of the Stein's unbiased risk estimate of this nonlinear estimator. Along the way, we provide a plausibility argument through an analytical example as to why vector bilateral filtering outperforms bandwise 2D bilateral filtering in enhancing SNR. Experimental results show that the optimized vector bilateral filter provides improved denoising performance on multispectral images when compared with several other approaches.