Sex-specific differences in antithrombotic therapy and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with stent.

Aims and objective: Impact of sex-related differences in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and treated with new P2Y12 inhibitors is not adequately characterised. We aimed to analyse gender-based differences in dual antiplatelet therapy, and adverse cardiovascular events and bleeding. Materials and methods: Prospective-observational study of the consecutive ACS patients treated with stent from July 2016 to January 2016, with a follow-up of 1 year. Results: We examined 283 patients, 75 (26.5%) women and 208 (73.5%) men. Women were older than men (71 ± 13 vs. 66,5 ± 13 years). There were 44% of women and 52% of men presenting with ST-elevation ACS (p = 0.21). Women had a higher bleeding risk (CRUSADE), without differences in the ischaemic risk (GRACE and TIMI). More women were treated with drug-eluting stent (88.9 vs. 75.5%, p = 0.04). There was a lower rate of ticagrelor prescription in women (42.6 vs. 50.9%, p = 0.29), in favour of clopidogrel. No differences were observed in prasugrel prescription. No significant differences were observed after a year of follow up, but women had a tendency towards lower mortality (1.4 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.19) and higher bleeding rates (23.3 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.27). Conclusions: In our study of patients presenting with ACS treated with stent, clopidogrel was preferred in women, whereas ticagrelor was the most frequent prescription in men. No significant differences were noted in clinical outcomes, but women experienced a tendency towards less mortality and more bleeding events.

Antecedentes y objetivo: El interés sobre la influencia del sexo en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) tratados con stent y nuevos antiagregantes inhibidores de P2Y12 en la práctica clínica es creciente. Se analizan las diferencias en función del sexo en el tratamiento con doble antiagregación plaquetaria (DAPT) y los eventos adversos isquémicos y hemorrágicos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de SCA tratados con stent coronario desde julio de 2015 hasta enero de 2016. Resultados: De un total de 283 pacientes incluidos, 75 (26.5%) correspondió a mujeres y 208 (73.5%) a hombres. La edad media fue de 71 ± 13 y 66.5 ± 13 años, respectivamente. Un 44% de mujeres se presentó como SCA con elevación del segmento ST contra un 52.4 de los hombres, p = 0.21. Las mujeres mostraron un mayor riesgo de sangrado (CRUSADE), sin diferencias en el riesgo isquémico (GRACE y TIMI). Se usaron stents farmacoactivos con más frecuencia en mujeres (88.9 vs. 75.5%, p = 0.04). Se observó una tendencia de menor prescripción del ticagrelor en mujeres (42.6 vs. 50.9%, p = 0.29) en favor de un mayor uso del clopidogrel. No se identificaron diferencias en cuanto a la prescripción del prasugrel. Las mujeres presentaron al año una menor mortalidad (1.4 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.19), aunque mayor sangrado (23.3 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.27). Conclusiones: En este estudio de pacientes consecutivos con SCA tratados con stent se registró una mayor prescripción de clopidogrel en las mujeres que en los hombres. Las mujeres presentaron una menor incidencia anual de mortalidad, pero mayor sangrado en comparación con los hombres, no significativo.

Diferencias en el tratamiento antitrombótico y pronóstico en función del sexo en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo tratados con stent / Sex-specific differences in antithrombotic therapy and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with stent

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: El interés sobre la influencia del sexo en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) tratados con stent y nuevos antiagregantes inhibidores de P2Y12 en la práctica clínica es creciente. Se analizan las diferencias en función del sexo en el tratamiento con doble antiagregación plaquetaria (DAPT) y los eventos adversos isquémicos y hemorrágicos Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de SCA tratados con stent coronario desde julio de 2015 hasta enero de 2016. Resultados: De un total de 283 pacientes incluidos, 75 (26.5%) correspondió a mujeres y 208 (73.5%) a hombres. La edad media fue de 71 ± 13 y 66.5 ± 13 años, respectivamente. Un 44% de mujeres se presentó como SCA con elevación del segmento ST contra un 52.4 de los hombres, p = 0.21. Las mujeres mostraron un mayor riesgo de sangrado (CRUSADE), sin diferencias en el riesgo isquémico (GRACE y TIMI). Se usaron stents farmacoactivos con más frecuencia en mujeres (88.9 vs. 75.5%, p = 0.04). Se observó una tendencia de menor prescripción del ticagrelor en mujeres (42.6 vs. 50.9%, p = 0.29) en favor de un mayor uso del clopidogrel. No se identificaron diferencias en cuanto a la prescripción del prasugrel. Las mujeres presentaron al año una menor mortalidad (1.4 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.19), aunque mayor sangrado (23.3 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.27). Conclusiones: En este estudio de pacientes consecutivos con SCA tratados con stent se registró una mayor prescripción de clopidogrel en las mujeres que en los hombres. Las mujeres presentaron una menor incidencia anual de mortalidad, pero mayor sangrado en comparación con los hombres, no significativo.

Abstract Aims and objective: Impact of sex-related differences in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and treated with new P2Y12 inhibitors is not adequately characterised. We aimed to analyse gender-based differences in dual antiplatelet therapy, and adverse cardiovascular events and bleeding. Materials and methods: Prospective-observational study of the consecutive ACS patients treated with stent from July 2016 to January 2016, with a follow-up of 1 year. Results: We examined 283 patients, 75 (26.5%) women and 208 (73.5%) men. Women were older than men (71 ± 13 vs. 66,5 ± 13 years). There were 44% of women and 52% of men presenting with ST-elevation ACS (p = 0.21). Women had a higher bleeding risk (CRUSADE), without differences in the ischaemic risk (GRACE and TIMI). More women were treated with drug-eluting stent (88.9 vs. 75.5%, p = 0.04). There was a lower rate of ticagrelor prescription in women (42.6 vs. 50.9%, p = 0.29), in favour of clopidogrel. No differences were observed in prasugrel prescription. No significant differences were observed after a year of follow up, but women had a tendency towards lower mortality (1.4 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.19) and higher bleeding rates (23.3 vs. 17.4%, p = 0.27). Conclusions: In our study of patients presenting with ACS treated with stent, clopidogrel was preferred in women, whereas ticagrelor was the most frequent prescription in men. No significant differences were noted in clinical outcomes, but women experienced a tendency towards less mortality and more bleeding events.

Terapia antiplaquetaria doble de 6 o de 12 meses tras implante de stents farmacoactivos de nueva generación: análisis emparejado de los registros ESTROFA-DAPT y ESTROFA-2 / Dual antiplatelet therapy for 6 months vs 12 months after new-generation drug-eluting stent implantation: matched analysis of ESTROFA-DAPT and ESTROFA-2

Introducción y objetivos: El periodo de uso recomendado del tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble tras implante de stents farmacoactivos va de los 6 a los 12 meses o más. Ensayos recientes indican que es seguro utilizar un tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble durante 6 meses, si bien ciertas limitaciones de estos estudios hacen que sea escasa la aplicabilidad de esta estrategia de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble de menor duración en la práctica clínica real. Métodos: Se puso en marcha un registro con la inscripción de pacientes consecutivos a los que se había implantado stent farmacoactivo de nueva generación seguido de una prescripción de 6 meses de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble. Se realizó una igualación por puntuación de propensión con una cohorte histórica de pacientes tratados con stentsfarmacoactivos de segunda generación que recibieron luego 12 meses de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble del registro ESTROFA-2. El tamaño muestral se calculó para el criterio de no inferioridad y el objetivo principal fue la combinación de muerte cardiaca, infarto de miocardio, revascularización o hemorragia mayor a los 12 meses. Resultados: Se incluyó en el análisis a 1.286 pacientes de cada grupo, que no presentaban diferencias significativas en sus características basales. Se produjeron episodios del objetivo principal en el 5,0 y el 6,6% de los pacientes en los grupos de 6 y de 12 meses respectivamente (p = 0,001 para no inferioridad). La incidencia de trombosis del stent definitiva o probable fue del 0,5 y el 0,7% en los grupos de tratamiento de 6 y 12 meses respectivamente (p = 0,4). Los episodios de hemorragia mayor fueron menos en el grupo de 6 meses que en el de 12 (el 0,8 y el 1,4%; p = 0,2). Conclusiones: En pacientes seleccionados de este amplio estudio multicéntrico, la seguridad y la eficacia de 6 meses de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble después del implante de stents farmacoactivos de nueva generación fueron no inferiores a las observadas con 12 meses de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario combinado doble (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The recommendation for dual antiplatelet therapy following drug-eluting stent implantation ranges from 6 months to 12 months or beyond. Recent trials have suggested the safety of a 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen, yet certain caveats to these studies limit the applicability of this shorter duration dual antiplatelet therapy strategy in real world settings. Methods: A registry was constructed with consecutive recruitment of patients undergoing new-generation drug-eluting stent implantation and prescribed 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy. Propensity score matching was undertaken with a historical cohort of patients treated with second-generation drug-eluting stents who received 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy from the ESTROFA-2 registry. The sample size was calculated using a noninferiority basis and the primary endpoint was the combination of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, or major bleeding at 12 months. Results: The analysis included 1286 patients in each group, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics. The primary endpoint occurred in 5.0% and 6.6% in the 6-month and 12-month groups, respectively (P = .001 for noninferiority). The incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis was 0.5% and 0.7% in the 6-month and 12-month groups, respectively (P = .4). Major bleeding events were lower in the 6-month group than in the 12-month group (0.8% vs 1.4%; P = .2) Conclusions: In selected patients in this large multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of a 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen after implantation of new-generation drug-eluting stents appeared to be noninferior to those of a 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen (AU)

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for 6 Months vs 12 Months After New-generation Drug-eluting Stent Implantation: Matched Analysis of ESTROFA-DAPT and ESTROFA-2.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The recommendation for dual antiplatelet therapy following drug-eluting stent implantation ranges from 6 months to 12 months or beyond. Recent trials have suggested the safety of a 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen, yet certain caveats to these studies limit the applicability of this shorter duration dual antiplatelet therapy strategy in real world settings. METHODS: A registry was constructed with consecutive recruitment of patients undergoing new-generation drug-eluting stent implantation and prescribed 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy. Propensity score matching was undertaken with a historical cohort of patients treated with second-generation drug-eluting stents who received 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy from the ESTROFA-2 registry. The sample size was calculated using a noninferiority basis and the primary endpoint was the combination of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, or major bleeding at 12 months. RESULTS: The analysis included 1286 patients in each group, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics. The primary endpoint occurred in 5.0% and 6.6% in the 6-month and 12-month groups, respectively (P = .001 for noninferiority). The incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis was 0.5% and 0.7% in the 6-month and 12-month groups, respectively (P = .4). Major bleeding events were lower in the 6-month group than in the 12-month group (0.8% vs 1.4%; P = .2) CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients in this large multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of a 6-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen after implantation of new-generation drug-eluting stents appeared to be noninferior to those of a 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy regimen.

Hidroneumopericardio iatrogénico tras pericardiocentesis / Iatrogenic Hidropneumopericardium after Pericardiocentesis

El hidroneumopericardio se define por la presencia de líquido y aire en la cavidad pericárdica. Se trata de una afección infrecuente en los adultos, habitualmente asociada a buen pronóstico, pero que puede resultar potencialmente grave. Presentamos el caso de un paciente trasplantado renal que debutó con taponamiento cardíaco y que precisó pericardiocentesis; varios días después, presentó un cuadro de dolor torácico debido a un hidroneumopericardio iatrogénico. Las pruebas de imagen son claves en la obtención de este diagnóstico.

Hydropneumopericardium is defined by the accumulation of serous fluid and gas in the pericardial sac. It is uncommon in adults, usually associated with favorable outcomes; yet, it may be severe occasionally. We present the case of a kidney transplant patient who developed cardiac tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis. Several days after the procedure, the patient presented chest pain due to iatrogenic hydropneumopericardium. Image tests are essential to make this diagnosis.

Evolución a corto y medio plazo del infarto agudo de miocardio transmural en mujeres ancianas. ¿Son tratadas correctamente? / Short- and mid-term outcomes of Q-wave acute myocardial infarction in elderly women. Are they receiving appropriate treatment?

Objetivos: dado que el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) con onda Q es una afección con elevada mortalidad en mujeres ancianas, intentamos conocer cuál es su evolución actual, su tratamiento y los factores que condicionan el pronóstico. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo que incluyó a todas las mujeres >= 75 años con diagnóstico de IAM transmural en el período 2002-2005. Se analizaron las variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones vasculares y la evolución durante la estancia intrahospitalaria y a medio plazo. Se compararon estas variables según hubieran recibido en fase aguda terapia de reperfusión o no, y se registró el motivo de no recibir ese tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyó a 152 mujeres; la edad media fue de 82,2 ± 6,2 años. Un 34,2% eran diabéticas y con IAM anterior en el 40,8%; el 27% tenía un grado Killip III-IV. Se realizó tratamiento de revascularización en fase aguda al 21,1%. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 25,8% y la acumulada a 6 meses del 37,3%. La incidencia de eventos mayores al año fue 43,8%. No recibir terapia de reperfusión estuvo condicionado por. la edad, el bloqueo de la rama izquierda, la demora en acudir al hospital y por decisión médica. La mortalidad fue 3,3 veces menor en el grupo tratado, aunque con un riesgo relativo de complicación hemorrágica del 2,5. Además de la ausencia de tratamiento revascularizador, el grado Killip y la fracción de eyección fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. Conclusiones: el IAM en las ancianas continúa siendo una afección con elevada morbimortalidad. A pesar del beneficio observado, estas pacientes reciben escasa terapia de reperfusión en fase aguda, aunque no existe contraindicación formal en la mitad de los casos

Objectives: Q-wave acute myocardial infarction leads to high mortality in elderly women. The aim of this study was to determine current outcomes, treatment and prognostic factors in these patients. Material and methods: all women aged >=75 with Q-wave acute myocardial infarction admitted to our hospital from 2002-2005 were included in this descriptive study. Epidemiological and clinical variables, vascular complications, intra-hospital outcomes, and mid-term follow-up were analyzed and compared depending on whether reperfusion therapy was administered on admission or not. The reasons for not administering this therapy were recorded. Results: we included 152 women. The mean age was 82.2 years (SD 6.2). A total of 34.2% had diabetes and 40.8% had anterior myocardial infarction. Killip class III-IV was found in 27.0%. Reperfusion therapy was administered to 21.1% of the patients. Intra-hospital mortality was 25.8% and 6-month mortality was 37.3%. The incidence of major cardiac events at 1 year was 43.8%. Non-administration of reperfusion therapy was related to age, left bundle-branch block, delayed admission, and medical decision. Mortality was 3.3 times lower in treated patients, although the relative risk of hemorrhagic complications was 2.5 times higher than that in non-treated patients. Independent predictors of mortality were lack of reperfusion therapy, high Killip class on admission, and low ejection fraction. Conclusions: acute myocardial infarction in elderly women continues to cause high morbidity and mortality. Reperfusion therapy is little used in this group of patients, despite the observed benefits. Half these patients have no contraindications for reperfusion therapy

[Safety and effectiveness of single-lead VDD pacing]. / Seguridad y eficacia de los sistemas de estimulación VDD monosonda.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Single-lead VDD pacing provides the physiological benefits of atrioventricular synchrony with the convenience of a single-lead system. However, concern remains about the method's safety and effectiveness. METHOD: In total, 700 patients with single-lead VDD pacemakers were evaluated retrospectively. The following parameters were recorded: age, sex, etiology, the symptoms and electrocardiographic diagnosis that justified pacemaker implantation, the venous access route used for implantation, atrial sensing at implantation, atrial undersensing at follow-up, the occurrence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and final pacing mode. RESULTS: Third-degree atrioventricular block was the main indication for pacemaker implantation (66.4%). The most commonly used venous access route was via the right cephalic vein (49.1%). At implantation, the mean atrial signal was 1.8 (4 1.15) mV. During follow-up, significant atrial undersensing occurred in 7.7% of patients; in 1.9%, it could not be corrected by device reprogramming. Uncontrollable supraventricular arrhythmias were observed in 6.4% of patients. Symptomatic sinus node disease was rare. By the end of follow-up, 91.4% of patients were still on VDD pacing, while, in 8.3%, the pacemaker had to be reprogrammed to the VVI mode. Only 0.3% required atrial lead implantation for DDD pacing. Left-side venous access during implantation was a independent predictora of atrial undersensing at follow-up. Low values of atrial detection at implant did not reach statistical signification although it showed a remarkable trend. CONCLUSIONS: Single-lead VDD pacing seems to be safe and effective when appropriately indicated. Our findings are consistent with those of previously published studies.

Seguridad y eficacia de los sistemas de estimulación VDD monosonda / Safety and effectiveness of single-lead VDD pacing

Introducción y objetivos. La estimulación VDD monosonda proporciona los beneficios fisiológicos de la sincronía auriculoventricular, sumando a ello la comodidad de ser un sistema de cable único. No obstante, la inquietud que generan su seguridad y eficacia parece mantenerse todavía. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en 700 pacientes portadores de marcapasos con estimulación VDD monosonda. Los parámetros analizados fueron: edad, sexo, etiología, síntomas y diagnóstico electrocardiográfico que motivaron el implante, vía venosa de acceso, detección auricular al implante, infradetección auricular durante el seguimiento, episodios de taquiarritmias supraventriculares y modo de estimulación final. Resultados. La indicación prioritaria de implante fue el bloqueo auriculoventricular de tercer grado (66,4%). La vena cefálica derecha fue la vía de acceso más comúnmente utilizada (49,1%). La detección auricular media al implante fue 1,84 ± 1,15 mV. Durante el seguimiento un 7,7% de los casos presentó infradetección auricular inaceptable, que no se pudo corregir mediante reprogramación en el 1,9%. Se observó aparición de taquiarritmias supraventriculares incontrolables en el 6,4% de los pacientes. La presencia de disfunción sinusal sintomática fue testimonial. Al final del seguimiento, el 91,4% de los pacientes persistían en modo de estimulación VDD, se tuvo que reprogramar en VVI a un 8,3% y sólo un 0,3% precisó el implante de una sonda auricular para estimular en DDD. Las vías venosas de acceso izquierdo fueron un predictor independiente de infradetección auricular. Valores bajos de detección auricular al implante mostraron una clara tendencia, aunque sin llegar a la significación estadística. Conclusiones. La estimulación VDD monosonda es segura y eficaz cuando la indicación es correcta. Comparando nuestros resultados con los estudios publicados, encontramos correlación en términos de seguridad y eficacia (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Single-lead VDD pacing provides the physiological benefits of atrioventricular synchrony with the convenience of a single-lead system. However, concern remains about the method's safety and effectiveness. Method. In total, 700 patients with single-lead VDD pacemakers were evaluated retrospectively. The following parameters were recorded: age, sex, etiology, the symptoms and electrocardiographic diagnosis that justified pacemaker implantation, the venous access route used for implantation, atrial sensing at implantation, atrial undersensing at follow-up, the occurrence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and final pacing mode. Results. Third-degree atrioventricular block was the main indication for pacemaker implantation (66.4%). The most commonly used venous access route was via the right cephalic vein (49.1%). At implantation, the mean atrial signal was 1.8 (4 1.15) mV. During follow-up, significant atrial undersensing occurred in 7.7% of patients; in 1.9%, it could not be corrected by device reprogramming. Uncontrollable supraventricular arrhythmias were observed in 6.4% of patients. Symptomatic sinus node disease was rare. By the end of follow-up, 91.4% of patients were still on VDD pacing, while, in 8.3%, the pacemaker had to be reprogrammed to the VVI mode. Only 0.3% required atrial lead implantation for DDD pacing. Left-side venous access during implantation was a independent predictora of atrial undersensing at follow-up. Low values of atrial detection at implant did not reach statistical signification although it showed a remarkable trend. Conclusions. Single-lead VDD pacing seems to be safe and effective when appropriately indicated. Our findings are consistent with those of previously published studies (AU)