Spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2001-2020: expansion and challenges.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis results from complex interactions among humans, dogs and environment. Brazil accounts for 97% of cases in the Americas. METHODS: Twenty years (2001-2020) of the endemic disease in the state of Rio de Janeiro were studied. Incidence, lethality, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated, complemented with spatial methodologies (kernel and clusters). RESULTS: Ninety-seven human cases and 625 dogs were reported. Of the 92 cities, 22 were human endemic areas. The state had a low incidence level (0.6 per 100 000). Lethality was higher compared with the Brazilian average. More than 90% of infections occurred in urban areas. Most cases (66%) occurred in men. The predominant age groups were 0-4 y (28.7%) and 20-39 y (32.9%). Fever (89.5%), splenomegaly (83.2%) and hepatomegaly (76.8%) were the main clinical manifestations. Spatial analysis showed a displacement of the human endemic: in the first decade (2001-2010), cases were concentrated in the Metropolitan region, and in the second decade (2011-2020) in the Médio Paraíba region of the state. Most of the endemic area (56.4%) had canine infections without reported human cases. CONCLUSIONS: Disorderly urbanisation and precarious living conditions favour the transmission of the disease. Changes in the environment and migratory processes contribute to its expansion.

Loyalties Beyond Life: An Essay on the Film Coco From a Transgenerational Perspective.

The animated film Coco tells the story of the web of relationships of a multigenerational family that faces its history, myths, and loyalties. Miguel, the film's protagonist, is confronted with his family history when he expresses his dream of being a musician, and he goes through an adventure of finding himself in the midst of his family's loyalties to the past and its history with music, spanning several generations. The aim of this article is to analyze the film from a transgenerational approach, conversing with systemic theory as well, taking into consideration questions about the characters of the Rivera multigenerational family, the dynamics of their relationships, and the invisible loyalties that present themselves in the movie. Thus, the film was analysed as a case study, using also as instrument simplified genogram. The film reveals the loyalties that are passed on from generation to generation, derived from a myth and a family secret, unveiled in the plot, which will explain inter- and transgenerational relationships in the film's family. The role of the great-grandmother stands out as a hidden protagonist in the movie.

Brazilian consensus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Part 2: rehabilitation and systemic care.

Significant advances in the understanding and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have occurred since the publication of international guidelines for DMD care in 2010. Our objective was to provide an evidence-based national consensus statement for multidisciplinary care of DMD in Brazil. A combination of the Delphi technique with a systematic review of studies from 2010 to 2016 was employed to classify evidence levels and grade of recommendations for the guideline. Our recommendations were divided in two parts. Guideline methodology and overall disease concept descriptions are found in Part 1. Here we present Part 2, where we provide the results and recommendations on rehabilitation and systemic care for DMD.

Brazilian consensus on Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Part 2: rehabilitation and systemic care / Consenso brasileiro para distrofia muscular de Duchenne. Parte 2: reabilitação e cuidados sistêmicos

ABSTRACT Significant advances in the understanding and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have occurred since the publication of international guidelines for DMD care in 2010. Our objective was to provide an evidence-based national consensus statement for multidisciplinary care of DMD in Brazil. A combination of the Delphi technique with a systematic review of studies from 2010 to 2016 was employed to classify evidence levels and grade of recommendations for the guideline. Our recommendations were divided in two parts. Guideline methodology and overall disease concept descriptions are found in Part 1. Here we present Part 2, where we provide the results and recommendations on rehabilitation and systemic care for DMD.

RESUMO Avanços significativos na compreensão e no manejo da Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) ocorreram desde a publicação de diretrizes internacionais para o cuidado destes pacientes em 2010. Nosso objetivo foi elaborar um consenso nacional baseado em evidências para o cuidado multidisciplinar dos pacientes com DMD no Brasil. Utilizamos uma combinação da técnica de Delphi com uma revisão sistemática da literatura de 2010 a 2016 para classificarmos os níveis de evidência e graus de recomendação para o consenso. Nossas recomendações foram divididas em duas partes. A metodologia utilizada na elaboração do consenso e conceitos gerais da doença encontram-se na parte 1. Neste artigo fornecemos os resultados e recomendações sobre reabilitação e cuidados sistêmicos para DMD.

Obesidade infantil a partir de um olhar histórico sobre alimentação / Childhood obesity: a historical perspective about feeding

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a história da alimentação e sua influência no desenvolvimento da obesidade infantil. Percorre diferentes momentos históricos, acompanhando as principais transformações ocorridas na sociedade e, como consequência, na alimentação das famílias. Fundamenta-se teoricamente no pensamento sistêmico por entender que, através dessa visão, se tem uma melhor compreensão do processo em que essas mudanças ocorreram. Conclui-se que as modificações no modo de vida das famílias, no contexto sociocultural, progresso de urbanização e industrialização, sedentarismo, influência da mídia e aumento da ingestão calórica contribuem para a incidência do excesso de peso nas crianças.

This article presents an overview of the history of feeding and its influence on the development of childhood obesity. We analyze different historical moments, following the major transformations insociety and, as a consequence, in the household diet. The article is theoretically based on systems theory, because the authors propose that through this vision one has a better understanding of the process in which these changes occurred. We conclude that changes in the modes of family life, in the sociocultural context, progress of urbanization and industrialization, sedentary lifestyle, media influence and increased caloric intake contributes to the incidence of overweight in children.

Obesidade infantil a partir de um olhar histórico sobre alimentação / Childhood obesity: a historical perspective about feeding

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a história da alimentação e sua influência no desenvolvimento da obesidade infantil. Percorre diferentes momentos históricos, acompanhando as principais transformações ocorridas na sociedade e, como consequência, na alimentação das famílias. Fundamenta-se teoricamente no pensamento sistêmico por entender que, através dessa visão, se tem uma melhor compreensão do processo em que essas mudanças ocorreram. Conclui-se que as modificações no modo de vida das famílias, no contexto sociocultural, progresso de urbanização e industrialização, sedentarismo, influência da mídia e aumento da ingestão calórica contribuem para a incidência do excesso de peso nas crianças (AU)

This article presents an overview of the history of feeding and its influence on the development of childhood obesity. We analyze different historical moments, following the major transformations insociety and, as a consequence, in the household diet. The article is theoretically based on systems theory, because the authors propose that through this vision one has a better understanding of the process in which these changes occurred. We conclude that changes in the modes of family life, in the sociocultural context, progress of urbanization and industrialization, sedentary lifestyle, media influence and increased caloric intake contributes to the incidence of overweight in children (AU)

Effects of ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® on the dynamic and static pulmonary volumes and on the secretion clearance of patients with bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND: Although respiratory physical therapy is considered fundamental in the treatment of hypersecretive patients, there is little evidence of its physiological and therapeutic effects in bronchiectasis patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acute physiological effects of ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® in dynamic and static lung volumes in patients with bronchiectasis and, secondarily, to study the effect of these techniques in sputum elimination. METHODS: Patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of bronchiectasis were included. Patients underwent three interventions in a randomized order and with a one-week washout interval between them. Before all interventions patients inhaled two puffs of 100 mcg of salbutamol. There was a cough period of five minutes before and after the control protocol and the interventions (ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1®). After each cough series patients underwent assessments of dynamic and static lung volumes by spirometry and plethysmography. The expectorated secretions were collected during the interventions and during the second cough series, and quantified by its dry weight. RESULTS: We studied 10 patients, two males and eight females (mean age: 55.9±18.1 years). After using Flutter VRP1®and ELTGOL there was a significant decrease in residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) (p<0.05). There was a higher sputum production during ELTGOL compared with Control and Flutter VRP1® (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® techniques acutely reduced lung hyperinflation, but only the ELTGOL increased the removal of pulmonary secretions from patients with bronchiectasis.

Efeitos da ELTGOL e do Flutter® nos volumes pulmonares dinâmicos e estáticos e na remoção de secreção de pacientes com bronquiectasia / Effects of ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® on the dynamic and static pulmonary volumes and on the secretion clearance of patients with bronchiectasis

Contextualização: Embora a fisioterapia respiratória seja considerada fundamental para o tratamento de pacientes hipersecretivos, há poucas evidências acerca de seus efeitos fisiológicos e terapêuticos em indivíduos com bronquiectasia. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos fisiológicos imediatos da ELTGOL e do Flutter® nos volumes pulmonares dinâmicos e estáticos em pacientes com bronquiectasia e, secundariamente, determinar o efeito dessas técnicas na remoção de secreção brônquica. Métodos: Participaram do estudo pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e radiológico de bronquiectasia. Os pacientes foram submetidos a três intervenções de forma randomizada e com um intervalo (washout) de uma semana entre elas. Inicialmente os pacientes inalaram dois jatos de 100µcg de salbutamol. Após 5 minutos de tosse iniciais e após 5 minutos de tosse que sucederam o protocolo controle e as intervenções (ELTGOL e Flutter®), os pacientes realizaram as avaliações dos volumes pulmonares dinâmicos e estáticos por meio da espirometria e pletismografia corporal. A secreção expectorada foi coletada durante as intervenções e durante a segunda série de tosse, sendo quantificada por meio de seu peso seco. Resultados: Foram avaliados dez pacientes, dois do sexo masculino e oito do sexo feminino (média de idade de 55,9±18,1 anos). Após a utilização do Flutter® e da ELTGOL, observou-se diminuição significativa do volume residual (VR), da capacidade residual funcional (CRF) e da CPT (p<0,05). Foi eliminada maior quantidade de secreção pulmonar durante a ELTGOL em comparação com o Controle e o Flutter®. Conclusão: O Flutter VRP1® e a técnica ELTGOL reduziram a hiperinsuflação pulmonar a curto prazo, porém apenas o ELTGOL aumentou a eliminação de secreção pulmonar de pacientes com bronquiectasia.

Background: Although respiratory physical therapy is considered fundamental in the treatment of hypersecretive patients, there is little evidence of its physiological and therapeutic effects in bronchiectasis patients. Objective: To evaluate the acute physiological effects of ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® in dynamic and static lung volumes in patients with bronchiectasis and, secondarily, to study the effect of these techniques in sputum elimination. Methods: Patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of bronchiectasis were included. Patients underwent three interventions in a randomized order and with a one-week washout interval between them. Before all interventions patients inhaled two puffs of 100 mcg of salbutamol. There was a cough period of five minutes before and after the control protocol and the interventions (ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1®). After each cough series patients underwent assessments of dynamic and static lung volumes by spirometry and plethysmography. The expectorated secretions were collected during the interventions and during the second cough series, and quantified by its dry weight. Results: We studied 10 patients, two males and eight females (mean age: 55.9±18.1 years). After using Flutter VRP1®and ELTGOL there was a significant decrease in residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) (p<0.05). There was a higher sputum production during ELTGOL compared with Control and Flutter VRP1® (p<0.05). Conclusion: The ELTGOL and Flutter VRP1® techniques acutely reduced lung hyperinflation, but only the ELTGOL increased the removal of pulmonary secretions from patients with bronchiectasis.

Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in primary health care: a comparative clinical trial of two education strategies in health and nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension represents a serious challenge for public health policies in several countries. This study was conducted to compare two intervention strategies regarding the adherence of adult women to dietary changes recommended for the treatment of hypertension in a community covered by Primary Health Care Unit. METHODS: This study is a randomized controlled trial of a sample composed of 28 women with hypertension enrolled in the Primary Health Care Unit located in the urban area of southeastern Brazil. The participants were already undergoing treatment for hypertension but devoid of nutritional care; and were divided into two groups, each composed of 14 individuals, who received interventions that consisted of two different strategies of nutritional guidance: monthly health education workshops alone (Group 1) and combined with family orientation through home visits (Group 2). Adherence to nutritional guidelines was evaluated by dietary, anthropometric, clinical and serum biochemical parameters, measured before and after the interventions. Knowledge on control and risk of hypertension was also investigated. The study lasted five months. RESULTS: Mean age was 55.6 (± 2.8) and 50.7 (± 6.5) in the groups 1 and 2, respectively. The home orientation strategy promoted greater adherence to dietary changes, leading to a statistically significant improvement in the clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and dietary parameters. The group 2 reduced the consumption of risk foods (p = 0.01), oil (p = 0.002) and sugar (p = 0.02), and decreased body mass index (-0.7 kg/m2; p = 0.01); waist circumference (-4.2 cm; p = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (-13 mm HG; p = 0.004) and glycemia (-18.9 mg/dl; p = 0. 01). In group 1 only waist circumference (-2 cm; p = 0.01) changed significantly. CONCLUSION: Nutritional orientations at the household level were more effective with regard to the adherence of individuals to non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension, regarding the reduction of clinical and behavioral risk parameters.

CPAP decreases lung hyperinflation in patients with stable COPD.

BACKGROUND: Dynamic hyperinflation, caused by expiratory flow limitation, markedly increases resting end-expiratory lung volume (functional residual capacity) in many COPD patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact and duration of impact of CPAP on hyperinflation and airway resistance in patients with stable COPD. METHODS: In a case series, 21 patients underwent CPAP at 8 cm H(2)O for 15 min, then whole-body plethysmography immediately after, and at 15 and 30 min after CPAP. RESULTS: The cohort's mean ± SD age was 70 ± 9 y, and the mean FEV(1) was 41 ± 8% of predicted. Residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, and airway resistance decreased after CPAP and did not significantly change at 15 min (P < .001), but returned to baseline at 30 min. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe to very severe stable COPD, CPAP reduces lung volumes and airway resistance for 15 min, but the lung volumes return to baseline by 30 min.

Understanding the mechanisms of glutamine action in critically ill patients.

Glutamine (Gln) is an important energy source and has been used as a supplementary energy substrate. Furthermore, Gln is an essential component for numerous metabolic functions, including acid-base homeostasis, gluconeogenesis, nitrogen transport and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, glutamine plays a significant role in cell homeostasis and organ metabolism. This article aims to review the mechanisms of glutamine action during severe illnesses. In critically ill patients, the increase in mortality was associated with a decreased plasma Gln concentration. During catabolic stress, Gln consumption rate exceeds the supply, and both plasma and skeletal muscle pools of free Gln are severely reduced. The dose and route of Gln administration clearly influence its effectiveness: high-dose parenteral appears to be more beneficial than low-dose enteral administration. Experimental studies reported that Gln may protect cells, tissues, and whole organisms from stress and injury through the following mechanisms: attenuation of NF (nuclear factor)-kB activation, a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, reduction in neutrophil accumulation, improvement in intestinal integrity and immune cell function, and enhanced of heat shock protein expression. In conclusion, high-doses of parenteral Gln (>0.50 g/kg/day) demonstrate a greater potential to benefit in critically ill patients, although Gln pathophysiological mechanisms requires elucidation.

Understanding the mechanisms of glutamine action in critically ill patients

Glutamine (Gln) is an important energy source and has been used as a supplementary energy substrate. Furthermore, Gln is an essential component for numerous metabolic functions, including acid-base homeostasis, gluconeogenesis, nitrogen transport and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, glutamine plays a significant role in cell homeostasis and organ metabolism. This article aims to review the mechanisms of glutamine action during severe illnesses. In critically ill patients, the increase in mortality was associated with a decreased plasma Gln concentration. During catabolic stress, Gln consumption rate exceeds the supply, and both plasma and skeletal muscle pools of free Gln are severely reduced. The dose and route of Gln administration clearly influence its effectiveness: high-dose parenteral appears to be more beneficial than low-dose enteral administration. Experimental studies reported that Gln may protect cells, tissues, and whole organisms from stress and injury through the following mechanisms: attenuation of NF (nuclear factor)-kB activation, a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, reduction in neutrophil accumulation, improvement in intestinal integrity and immune cell function, and enhanced of heat shock protein expression. In conclusion, high-doses of parenteral Gln (>0.50 g/kg/day) demonstrate a greater potential to benefit in critically ill patients, although Gln pathophysiological mechanisms requires elucidation.

A glutamina (Gln) é uma importante fonte de energia e tem sido usada como substrato energético suplementar. Além disso, a Gln é um componente essencial para numerosas funções metabólicas tais como: homeostase ácido-base, gliconeogênese, transporte de nitrogênio e síntese de proteínas e ácidos nucléicos. Portanto, a glutamina desempenha um papel importante na homeostase celular e no metabolismo dos órgãos. Esse artigo objetiva rever os mecanismos de ação da glutamina na doença grave. Em pacientes criticamente enfermos, o aumento da mortalidade foi associado com uma diminuição de Gln plasmática. Durante o estresse catabólico, o consumo de Gln excede a oferta, e a quantidade de glutamina livre no plasma e músculo esquelético encontra-se reduzida. A dose e via de administração da Gln claramente influencia sua eficácia: alta dose por via parenteral parece ser mais benéfica do que uma dose baixa administrada por via enteral. Estudos experimentais relataram que Gln protege as células, tecidos, e todo o organismo do estresse através dos seguintes mecanismos: atenuação na ativação do fator nuclear (NF)-kB, balanço entre citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias, redução no acúmulo de neutrófilos, melhora na integridade intestinal e função mune celular, e aumento da expressão da proteína de choque térmico. Em conclusão, o uso de glutamina em altas doses e por via parenteral (>0,50 g/kg/dia) demonstrou ser benéfica em pacientes criticamente enfermos, embora os mecanismos fisiopatoló-gicos necessitam ser melhor elucidados.

Intravenous glutamine decreases lung and distal organ injury in an experimental model of abdominal sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: The protective effect of glutamine, as a pharmacological agent against lung injury, has been reported in experimental sepsis; however, its efficacy at improving oxygenation and lung mechanics, attenuating diaphragm and distal organ injury has to be better elucidated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a single early intravenous dose of glutamine was associated not only with the improvement of lung morpho-function, but also the reduction of the inflammatory process and epithelial cell apoptosis in kidney, liver, and intestine villi. METHODS: Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture surgery (CLP), while a sham operated group was used as control (C). One hour after surgery, C and CLP groups were further randomized into subgroups receiving intravenous saline (1 ml, SAL) or glutamine (0.75 g/kg, Gln). At 48 hours, animals were anesthetized, and the following parameters were measured: arterial oxygenation, pulmonary mechanics, and diaphragm, lung, kidney, liver, and small intestine villi histology. At 18 and 48 hours, Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoattractant (CINC)-1, interleukin (IL)-6 and 10 were quantified in bronchoalveolar and peritoneal lavage fluids (BALF and PLF, respectively). RESULTS: CLP induced: a) deterioration of lung mechanics and gas exchange; b) ultrastructural changes of lung parenchyma and diaphragm; and c) lung and distal organ epithelial cell apoptosis. Glutamine improved survival rate, oxygenation and lung mechanics, minimized pulmonary and diaphragmatic changes, attenuating lung and distal organ epithelial cell apoptosis. Glutamine increased IL-10 in peritoneal lavage fluid at 18 hours and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 48 hours, but decreased CINC-1 and IL-6 in BALF and PLF only at 18 hours. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental model of abdominal sepsis, a single intravenous dose of glutamine administered after sepsis induction may modulate the inflammatory process reducing not only the risk of lung injury, but also distal organ impairment. These results suggest that intravenous glutamine may be a potentially beneficial therapy for abdominal sepsis.

Effects of different nutritional support on lung mechanics and remodelling in undernourished rats.

This study investigated the impact of three different oral nutritional support regimens on lung mechanics and remodelling in young undernourished Wistar rats. In the nutritionally deprived group, rats received one-third of their usual daily food consumption for 4 weeks. Undernourished rats were divided into three groups receiving a balanced, glutamine-supplemented, or long-chain triglyceride-supplemented diet for 4 weeks. In the two control groups, rats received food ad libitum for 4 (C4) or 8 weeks. Lung viscoelastic pressure and static elastance were higher in undernourished compared to C4 rats. After refeeding, lung mechanical data remained altered except for the glutamine-supplemented group. Undernutrition led to a reduced amount of elastic and collagen fibres in the alveolar septa. Elastic fibre content returned to control with balanced and glutamine-supplemented diets, but increased with long-chain triglyceride-supplemented diet. The amount of collagen fibre augmented independent of nutritional support. In conclusion, glutamine-supplemented diet is better at reducing morphofunctional changes than other diets after 4 weeks of refeeding.

Entendendo os mecanismos relacionados à obesidade e asma / Understanding the mechanisms related to obesity and asthma

Asma e obesidade são condições que representam problemas de saúde pública, sendo a obesidade fator de risco para a asma. Diversos estudos têm evidenciado que a obesidade aumenta a prevalência e a incidência da asma, sendo que a perda de peso melhora a evolução do indivíduo com asma. Vários são os mecanismos propostos para explicar a relação entre obesidade e asma, dentre eles: a) etiologias comuns (condições intra-uterinas e genéticas), b) existência de co-morbidades: refluxo gastro-esofágico, distúrbios respiratórios, diabetes tipo II e hipertensão, c) efeitos da obesidade na mecânica pulmonar, reduzindo a capacidade residual funcional, e d) modificações nas adipocinas (fator de necrose tumoral-α, interleucina-6, leptina, e adiponectina), influenciando a função da via aérea. O conhecimento dos diversos mecanismos envolvidos na relação entre asma e obesidade tornará possível uma melhor abordagem terapêutica.

Perda de peso relacionada a substâncias com alegação funcional / Weight loss related to functional foods

O aumento da prevalência de pessoas com sobrepeso tem preocupado os órgãos federais em todo mundo, visto que a obesidade já é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial. Desta maneira, a demanda de produtos para perda de peso tem sido um potente estímulo para a indústria de alimentos. Esta revisão analisou os principais dados disponíveis na literatura que relacionam alguns componentes alimentares, apresentando alegações de propriedades funcionais, relacionados ao metabolismo energético, com a finalidade de esclarecer suas reais e/ou possíveis ações na composição corporal. Os componentes alimentares revistos aqui foram: quitosana, capsaicina, cafeína, efedrina, catequinas...