Parental Behavior, Cognitive Appraisal, and Motivation in Young Athletes.

PURPOSE: This study tested two hypotheses relating young athletes' sports motivations to parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal: (1) young athletes' motivation in sports is related to their parents' behavior; and (2) this relationship is mediated by cognitive appraisal, even after controlling for competitive level and sports records. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 673 young athletes and it measured the athletes' perceptions of parental behaviors, cognitive appraisal, and sports motivation. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling confirmed Hypothesis 1-the mother's behaviors accounted for 15 to 16% of the variance in sports motivation, and the father's behaviors accounted for 12 to 21% of the variance. The correlation patterns differed according to whether the athletes were evaluating the mother's or father's behaviors. Hypothesis 2 also was confirmed, for cognitive appraisal partially mediated the relationship between the perception of parental behaviors and sports motivation (34% of the variance was accounted for by the perception of the mother's behavior; 30% by the father's). The mediating model did not vary with competitive level or sports records. CONCLUSION: Parental behaviors and cognitive appraisal need to be taken into account to understand young athletes' sports motivations.

Drive for Muscularity and Disordered Eating Behavior in Males: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Appraisal.

There is mixed evidence for the relationship between increased levels of the drive for muscularity (DFM) and disordered eating behavior in males, therefore this study analysed the relationship between DFM and disordered eating behavior, giving particular relevance to the patterns of cognitive appraisal. A convenience sample was recruited from fitness centres and sport clubs with 308 participants, all males. Losing muscular mass represented a negative experience for participants, promoting a higher perception of threat appraisal. In addition, losing muscular mass was related to more muscularity-oriented behaviors and disordered eating behavior. Cognitive appraisal mediates the relation between DFM and disordered eating behavior. The results highlight the role of cognitive appraisal in DFM and disordered eating behavior in males in sport contexts.

Reduçäo de cárie dentária em escolares de Bauru, após oito anos de fluoretaçäo de água de abastecimento público / Dental caries decrease in Bauru school children, after 8 years of public water supply fluoridation

A fluoretaçäo de água de abastecimento público em Bauru foi iniciada em outubro de 1975: o Departamento de Agua e Esgoto de Bauru, com o auxílio do Departamento de Odontologia Social da Faculdade de Odontologia local, planejaram e executaram levantamento de cárie dentária, em 1976 e em 1984, apresentando os resultados observados após oito anos de fluoretaçäo e descrevendo técnicas atualmente utilizadas para uso do flúor em poços semi-artesianos da cidade