Disparities in prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine time trends in prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy by family income, maternal level of education, skin color, and age. METHODS: We conducted three population-based surveys in 2007, 2010, and 2013 with newly delivered mothers living in the municipality of Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. Data were collected using questionnaires administered after delivery in all (two) maternity units in the city, at Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Júnior Hospital and at Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Time trends were analyzed using chi-square test for linear trend. RESULTS: Data of 7,572 women showed that the prevalence of smoking before pregnancy decreased from 28% (26.2-29.7) in 2007 to 22% (20.8-24.0) in 2013 (P < 0.001). Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 22% (20.4-23.7) in 2007 to 18% (16.6-19.5) in 2013 (P < 0.001). This reduction varied across income ranging from 17% (poorest) to 35% (richest) (P < 0.001). The lower the income, the higher the smoking prevalence during pregnancy. Smoking cessation was more prevalent among women of higher level of education and income. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking before and during pregnancy is still highly prevalent and the prevalence of cessation is low pointing to a need to strengthen actions targeting low-income, less educated, black pregnant women.

[Time trends in smoking in an urban population: a population-based study in Southern Brazil]. / Tendência temporal de tabagismo em população urbana: um estudo de base populacional no Sul do Brasil.

This study evaluated time trends in smoking prevalence according to gender and family income among individuals 20 years or older in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Five population-based surveys using census tracts were conducted in the city from 2002 to 2010. Smoking was defined as consumption of one or more cigarettes per day for at least one month. Time trend was assessed using the chi-square test for linear trend. 15,136 individuals were enrolled in these surveys. During this period, overall smoking prevalence decreased from 28% (25.8-30.4) in 2002 to 21% (19.5-23.5) in 2010. This 23% decline was similar in both genders, but differed significantly according to family income (smoking prevalence increased as income dropped). From 2002 to 2010, smoking decreased by 26% in the lowest income quintile and 39% in the highest. Despite such reductions, smoking prevalence is still high, indicating the need to boost control measures, especially among low-income groups.

Tendência temporal de tabagismo em população urbana: um estudo de base populacional no Sul do Brasil / Time trends in smoking in an urban population: a population-based study in Southern Brazil

Avaliou-se a tendência temporal da prevalência de tabagismo conforme renda familiar, idade e sexo entre indivíduos com 20 anos ou mais residentes em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Cinco inquéritos de base populacional utilizando-se de setores censitários foram realizados na cidade entre 2002-2010. Considerou-se tabagismo o consumo de um ou mais cigarros por dia há pelo menos um mês. A tendência temporal foi avaliada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado para tendência linear. Os cinco inquéritos realizados incluíram 15.136 indivíduos. Neste período, a prevalência total de tabagismo caiu de 28 por cento (25,8-30,4) em 2002 para 21 por cento (19,5-23,5) em 2010. Esta queda de 23 por cento foi semelhante entre os sexos, mas muito diferente em relação à renda familiar. Quanto menor a renda familiar, maior a prevalência de tabagismo. Entre 2002-2010, a taxa de redução do tabagismo foi de 26 por cento no menor quintil de renda e de 39 por cento no maior. Apesar das reduções observadas, a prevalência de tabagismo ainda é elevada, indicando a necessidade de fortalecer medidas de controle voltadas principalmente aos indivíduos com menor renda.

This study evaluated time trends in smoking prevalence according to gender and family income among individuals 20 years or older in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Five population-based surveys using census tracts were conducted in the city from 2002 to 2010. Smoking was defined as consumption of one or more cigarettes per day for at least one month. Time trend was assessed using the chi-square test for linear trend. 15,136 individuals were enrolled in these surveys. During this period, overall smoking prevalence decreased from 28 percent (25.8-30.4) in 2002 to 21 percent (19.5-23.5) in 2010. This 23 percent decline was similar in both genders, but differed significantly according to family income (smoking prevalence increased as income dropped). From 2002 to 2010, smoking decreased by 26 percent in the lowest income quintile and 39 percent in the highest. Despite such reductions, smoking prevalence is still high, indicating the need to boost control measures, especially among low-income groups.