Uncertainty quantification in multi-class image classification using chest X-ray images of COVID-19 and pneumonia.

This paper investigates uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques in multi-class classification of chest X-ray images (COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Normal). We evaluate Bayesian Neural Networks (BNN) and the Deep Neural Network with UQ (DNN with UQ) techniques, including Monte Carlo dropout, Ensemble Bayesian Neural Network (EBNN), Ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) dropout, across different evaluation metrics. Our analysis reveals that DNN with UQ, especially EBNN and EMC dropout, consistently outperform BNNs. For example, in Class 0 vs. All, EBNN achieved a UAcc of 92.6%, UAUC-ROC of 95.0%, and a Brier Score of 0.157, significantly surpassing BNN's performance. Similarly, EMC Dropout excelled in Class 1 vs. All with a UAcc of 83.5%, UAUC-ROC of 95.8%, and a Brier Score of 0.165. These advanced models demonstrated higher accuracy, better discriaminative capability, and more accurate probabilistic predictions. Our findings highlight the efficacy of DNN with UQ in enhancing model reliability and interpretability, making them highly suitable for critical healthcare applications like chest X-ray imageQ6 classification.