Journeys, Not Destinations: Theorizing a Process View of Supply Chain Integrity.

Integrity is considered an important corporate value. Yet recent global events have highlighted the challenges firms face at living up to their stated values, especially when extended supply chain partners are involved. The concept of Supply Chain Integrity (SCI) can help firms shift focus beyond internal corporate integrity, toward supply chain integrity. Researchers and managers will benefit from an understanding of the SCI concept toward implementing SCI to better align supply chain partners with stated corporate values. This research fully develops and empirically grounds the firm-level, inter-firm-oriented SCI concept. The thematic analysis of six firms' archival and website content elaborated empirical descriptions of SCI themes and enabled the development of a process model for SCI, presenting a novel view of the underlying process by which firms can assess, develop, and maintain SCI across their supply chains. We propose the SCI model as an evolutionary process to improve a firm's supply chain sustainability, rather than a dichotomous end state where firms either "have" integrity or they don't. The SCI model could be used as a tool to help leaders create necessary change to better align values and supporting statements with culture, while influencing and affecting stakeholders across the supply chain. This is particularly important in today's world, where business leaders must consider all stakeholders and address important stakeholder-driven issues such as supply chain sustainability, resilience, and security, which are now at the forefront in the ever-changing environment.

Hot money: Illuminating the financing of high-carbon infrastructure in the developing world.

Major infrastructure financiers will have to significantly decarbonize their investments to meet mounting promises to cut carbon emissions to "net-zero" by mid-century. We provide new details about those needed shifts. Using two World Bank databases of infrastructure projects throughout the developing world, and applying a methodology for imputing the projects' likely future carbon output, we assess the emissions profile of power-plant projects executed from 2018 through 2020 - the three years immediately preceding the spate of net-zero pledges. We find that approximately half the generation executed in those years is too carbon-intensive to align with keeping Earth's average temperature from exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, largely because of the prevalence of new natural-gas-fired power plants. We also find new evidence of host countries' agency in shaping carbon trajectories: Much of the climate-misaligned financing is not foreign but domestic. And we find different institutions are financing infrastructure portfolios with significantly differing carbon intensities.

Vowel-Specific Intelligibility and Acoustic Patterns in Individuals With Dysarthria Secondary to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate vowel-specific intelligibility and acoustic patterns of individuals with different severities of dysarthria secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Method Twenty-three individuals with dysarthria secondary to ALS and 22 typically aging individuals participated as speakers. Participants with ALS were divided into 2 severity groups (severe, mild). For vowel-specific intelligibility data, 135 listeners participated in the study. Vowel-specific intelligibility, intrinsic vowel duration, 1st and 2nd formants (F1 and F2), vowel inherent spectral change (VISC), and absolute VISC were examined. Results A significant interaction between severity group and the vowel-specific intelligibility pattern as well as F1, F2 VISC, and absolute F2 VISC was observed. Specifically, individuals with severe dysarthria showed a significantly less intelligible /ɪ/ than /ɛ/, unlike individuals with mild dysarthria and typically aging individuals. In addition, vowel intelligibility of /ɪ/ showed the strongest association to the severity measures in individuals with ALS. A number of vowel-specific findings are reported in the acoustic variables. Acoustic correlates of vowel-specific intelligibility were identified. Conclusion Vowel-specific intelligibility patterns are different across severity groups; particularly, low intelligibility of /ɪ/ was noted in individuals with severe dysarthria. Individuals with dysarthria maintained the acoustic contrast in duration and F1 VISC among vowels but did not maintain the other spectral contrasts. Reduction of acoustic vowel space was observed primarily due to high F1 in high vowels in individuals with severe dysarthria. Regression findings suggest that the high F1 values of high and mid vowels and F2 reduction of high- and mid-front vowels decreased vowel-specific intelligibility. In addition, vowel duration influenced the vowel intelligibility of vowels that required short intrinsic vowel duration. Lastly, F2 VISC influenced the vowel intelligibility of /ɪ/. Overall, the vowel-specific intelligibility pattern is related to both vowel-specific characteristics and group-specific articulatory control dysfunction.