Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement in a Very High-Risk Octagenerian Patient: A Case Report.

Degeneration of the surgical bioprosthetic valves remains one of the most common complications of surgical valve replacement. Redo surgery is the gold standard, but unfortunately, most of these patients are deemed inoperable because of the high perioperative mortality. Transcatheter implantation of a new valve inside the degenerated bioprosthesis (valve-in-valve (ViV)) has emerged as an alternative solution. A 79-year-old patient with a medical history of surgical replacement of the mitral valve with a bioprosthetic valve, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) with implantation of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease was referred to our hospital for ViV transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). He had recent hospitalizations with pulmonary edema caused by severe stenosis of the bioprosthetic valve and his perioperative mortality for a redo surgery was very high (EuroSCORE II: 13.72%). The ViV TMVR was performed with a transseptal approach and after the implantation of the new valve, the mean pressure gradient was dropped from 19.39 to 2.33 mmHg. The procedure was technically successful and the patient was discharged asymptomatic.

Right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling in patients with first acute myocardial infarction: An emerging post-revascularization triage tool.

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/pulmonary artery systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP) is a non-invasive surrogate of right ventricular-pulmonary arterial (RV-PA) coupling, studied in chronic RV pressure overload syndromes. However, its prognostic utility in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that may cause acute RV pressure overload remains unexplored. OBJECTIVES: To determine predictors of RV-PA uncoupling in patients with first AMI and examine whether it could improve risk stratification for cardiovascular in-hospital mortality after revascularization. METHODS: Three-hundred consecutive patients with first AMI were prospectively studied (age 61.2±11.8, 24% females). An echocardiogram was performed 24 hours after successful revascularization and TAPSE/PASP was evaluated. Cardiovascular in-hospital mortality was recorded. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff value of TAPSE/PASP to determine cardiovascular in-hospital mortality was 0.49 mm/mmHg. RV-PA uncoupling was considered for patients with TAPSE/PASP ≤0.49 mm/mmHg. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was independently associated with RV-PA uncoupling. A total of 23 (7.7%) patients died in-hospital despite successful revascularization. TAPSE/PASP was independently associated with in-hospital mortality, after adjustment for Global Registry of Cardiovascular Events (GRACE) risk score and LVEF (Odds Ratio 0.14, 95% Confidence Intervals [0.03-0.56], P-value 0.007). The prognostic value of a baseline model including GRACE risk score and NT-pro-BNP (χ2 26.55) was significantly improved by adding LVEF ≤40 % (χ2 44.71, P-value <0.001), TAPSE ≤17 mm (χ2 75.42, P-value <0.001) and TAPSE/PASP ≤0.49 mm/mmHg (χ2 101.74, P-value <0.001) for predicting cardiovascular in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: RV-PA uncoupling, assessed by echocardiographic TAPSE/PASP ≤0.49 mm/mmHg 24 hours after revascularization, may improve risk stratification for cardiovascular in-hospital mortality post first AMI.

Hypoglycemic Drugs in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review.

Over the last few years, given the increase in the incidence and prevalence of both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF), it became crucial to develop guidelines for the optimal preventive and treatment strategies for individuals facing these coexisting conditions. In patients aged over 65, HF hospitalization stands out as the predominant reason for hospital admissions, with their prognosis being associated with the presence or absence of T2DM. Historically, certain classes of glucose-lowering drugs, such as thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone), raised concerns due to an observed increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular (CV)-related mortality. In response to these concerns, regulatory agencies started requiring CV outcome trials for all novel antidiabetic agents [i.e., dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is)] with the aim to assess the CV safety of these drugs beyond glycemic control. This narrative review aims to address the current knowledge about the impact of glucose-lowering agents used in T2DM on HF prevention, prognosis, and outcome.

Incidence and Prognostic Factors of Radial Artery Occlusion in Transradial Coronary Catheterization.

Background/Objectives: Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is the most common complication of transradial coronary catheterization. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence of RAO and identify the risk factors that predispose patients to it. Methods: We conducted an investigator-initiated, prospective, multicenter, open-label study involving 1357 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization via the transradial route for angiography and/or a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify potential predictors of RAO occurrence. Additionally, a subgroup analysis only for patients undergoing PCIs was performed. Results: The incidence of RAO was 9.5% overall, 10.6% in the angiography-only group and 6.2% in the PCI group. Independent predictors of RAO were as follows: (i) the female gender (aOR = 1.72 (1.05-2.83)), (ii) access site cross-over (aOR = 4.33 (1.02-18.39)), (iii) increased total time of the sheath in the artery (aOR = 1.01 (1.00-1.02)), (iv) radial artery spasms (aOR = 2.47 (1.40-4.36)), (v) the presence of a hematoma (aOR = 2.28 (1.28-4.06)), (vi) post-catheterization dabigatran use (aOR = 5.15 (1.29-20.55)), (vii) manual hemostasis (aOR = 1.94 (1.01-3.72)) and (viii) numbness at radial artery ultrasound (aOR = 8.25 (1.70-40)). Contrariwise, two variables were independently associated with increased odds for radial artery patency (RAP): (i) PCI performance (aOR = 0.19 (0.06-0.63)), and (ii) a higher dosage of intravenous heparin per patient weight (aOR = 0.98 (0.96-0.99)), particularly, a dosage of >50 IU/kg (aOR = 0.56 (0.31-1.00)). In the PCI subgroup, independent predictors of RAO were as follows: (i) radial artery spasms (aOR = 4.48 (1.42-14.16)), (ii) the use of intra-arterial nitroglycerin as a vasodilator (aOR = 7.40 (1.67-32.79)) and (iii) the presence of symptoms at echo (aOR = 3.80 (1.46-9.87)), either pain (aOR = 2.93 (1.05-8.15)) or numbness (aOR = 4.66 (1.17-18.57)). On the other hand, the use of intra-arterial verapamil as a vasodilator (aOR = 0.17 (0.04-0.76)) was independently associated with a greater frequency of RAP. Conclusions: The incidence of RAO in an unselected, all-comers European population after transradial coronary catheterization for angiography and/or PCIs is similar to that reported in the international literature. Several RAO prognostic factors have been confirmed, and new ones are described. The female gender, radial artery trauma and manual hemostasis are the strongest predictors of RAO. Our results could help in the future identification of patients at higher risk of RAO, for whom less invasive diagnostic procedures maybe preferred, if possible.

Multiorgan Congestion Assessment by Venous Excess Ultrasound Score in Acute Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to explore the prevalence and clinical utility of different patterns of multiorgan venous congestion as assessed by the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure (HF). METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted for acute HF were prospectively enrolled. Inferior vena cava diameter, hepatic vein, portal vein, and renal vein Doppler waveforms were assessed at admission, and patients were stratified based on VExUS score from 0 to 3, with higher values indicating worse congestion. The clinical score Get with the Guidelines (GWTG)-HF for predicting in-hospital mortality in HF was evaluated. In-hospital mortality was recorded. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety patients admitted with acute HF were included, and 114 (39%) of them were classified as VExUS score 3, which was the most prevalent group. Patients with VExUS score 3 suffered more frequently from chronic atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and anemia. Parameters independently associated with VExUS score 3 were higher mean E/e' ratio, larger right ventricular size, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and impaired right atrial function. A VExUS score of 3 was associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 8.03; 95% CI [2.25-28.61], P = .001). The addition of VExUS score on top of the GWTG-HF score improved the predictability of the model (Δx2 = +8.44, P = .03) for in-hospital mortality, whereas other indices of venous congestion (right atrial function, inferior vena cava size) did not. CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted with acute HF commonly had severe venous congestion based on the VExUS score. The VExUS score improved the prediction of in-hospital mortality compared with other indices of venous congestion.

Impact of Anatomical and Viability-Guided Completeness of Revascularization on Clinical Outcomes in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Complete revascularization of coronary artery disease has been linked to improved outcomes in patients with preserved left ventricular (LV) function. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify the impact of complete revascularization in patients with severe LV dysfunction. METHODS: Patients enrolled in the REVIVED-BCIS2 (Revascularization for Ischemic Ventricular Dysfunction) trial were eligible if baseline/procedural angiograms and viability studies were available for analysis by independent core laboratories. Anatomical and viability-guided completeness of revascularization were measured by the coronary and myocardial revascularization indices (RIcoro and RImyo), respectively, where RIcoro = (change in British Cardiovascular Intervention Society Jeopardy score [BCIS-JS]) / (baseline BCIS-JS) and RImyo= (number of revascularized viable segments) / (number of viable segments supplied by diseased vessels). The percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) group was classified as having complete or incomplete revascularization by median RIcoro and RImyo. The primary outcome was death or hospitalization for heart failure. RESULTS: Of 700 randomized patients, 670 were included. The baseline BCIS-JS and SYNTAX (Synergy Between PCI With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) scores were 8 (Q1-Q3: 6-10) and 22 (Q1-Q3: 15-29), respectively. In those patients assigned to PCI, median RIcoro and RImyo values were 67% and 85%, respectively. Compared with the group assigned to optimal medical therapy alone, there was no difference in the likelihood of the primary outcome in those patients receiving complete anatomical or viability-guided revascularization (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.62-1.32; and HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.66-1.35, respectively). A sensitivity analysis by residual SYNTAX score showed no association with outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe LV dysfunction, neither complete anatomical nor viability-guided revascularization was associated with improved event-free survival compared with incomplete revascularization or treatment with medical therapy alone. (Revascularization for Ischemic Ventricular Dysfunction) [REVIVED-BCIS2]; NCT01920048).

Τakotsubo Syndrome After Surgical Removal of the Thyroid Gland and Major Bleeding.

A 58-year-old male with a medical history of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and psoriasis was admitted for a scheduled surgical removal of the thyroid gland. During the surgery, the patient suffered severe blood loss caused by vascular complications. After the operation, his electrocardiogram showed diffuse ST segment elevation along with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T elevation and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. An emergency coronary angiography showed unobstructed coronary arteries. However, the left ventriculography demonstrated akinesia of the apical segments and hyperkinesia of the basal segments during systole. The patient was diagnosed with Takotsubo syndrome and he was successfully stabilized over the course of the next few days. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction and although the clinical and electrocardiographical presentation is similar to an acute coronary syndrome, the coronary arteries are unobstructed. Stressful events, both physical or psychological, could trigger an excessive catecholaminergic response which can cause the syndrome. Repetitive echocardiograms in our patient demonstrated complete recovery of the systolic function after a few days.

Acalculous Cholecystitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents cholecystitis without gallstones, occurring in approximately 5-10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis in adults. Several risk factors have been recognized, while infectious diseases can be a cause of cholecystitis in otherwise healthy people. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, leading to an unprecedented pandemic. The virus enters cells through the binding of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in many human tissues, including the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and this explains the symptoms emanating from the digestive system. Acute cholecystitis has been reported in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAC in patients with COVID-19.

Multimodality imaging for the global evaluation of aortic stenosis: The valve, the ventricle, the afterload.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valvular heart disease growing in parallel to the increment of life expectancy. Besides the valve, the degenerative process affects the aorta, impairing its elastic properties and leading to increased systemic resistance. The composite of valvular and systemic afterload mediates ventricular damage. The first step of a thorough evaluation of AS should include a detailed assessment of valvular anatomy and hemodynamics. Subsequently, the ventricle, and the global afterload should be assessed to define disease stage and prognosis. Multimodality imaging is of paramount importance for the comprehensive evaluation of these three elements. Echocardiography is the cornerstone modality whereas Multi-Detector Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance provide useful complementary information. This review comprehensively examines the merits of these imaging modalities in AS for the evaluation of the valve, the ventricle, and the afterload and ultimately endeavors to integrate them in a holistic assessment of AS.

Moving from left ventricular ejection fraction to deformation imaging in mitral valve regurgitation.

The increasing prevalence of valvular heart diseases, specifically mitral regurgitation (MR), underscores the need for a careful and timely approach to intervention. Severe MR, whether primary or secondary, when left untreated leads to adverse outcomes, emphasizing the critical role of a timely surgical or transcatheter intervention. While left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remains the guideline-recommended measure for assessing left ventricle damage, emerging evidence raises concerns regarding its reliability in MR due to its volume-dependent nature. This review summarizes the existing literature on the role of LVEF and deformation imaging techniques, emphasizing the latter's potential in providing a more accurate evaluation of intrinsic myocardial function. Moreover, it advocates the need for an integrated approach that combines traditional with emerging measures, aiming to optimize the management of patients with MR. It attempts to highlight the need for future research to validate the clinical application of deformation imaging techniques through large-scale studies.

Post-COVID-19 and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Literature Review.

The emergence of post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), a complex and multifactorial condition that follows the acute COVID-19 infection, has raised serious concerns within the global medical community. Concurrently, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), a widespread chronic gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, is considered to be one of the most common disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) that significantly affects the quality of life and social functioning of patients. PCS presents a wide range of symptoms and GI manifestations, including IBS. This review aims to analyze the GI involvement and the prolonged symptoms of COVID-19 infection as part of PCS, in order to explore the potential development of post-infection IBS (PI-IBS) in COVID-19 patients. Irritating factors such as enteric infection, psychosocial conditions, food antigens, and antibiotics may lead to abnormalities in the physiological function of the GI system and could be involved in the development of PI-IBS. Through the presentation of the pathophysiological mechanisms and epidemiological studies that assessed the prevalence of IBS as part of PCS, we attempted to provide a better understanding of the long-term consequences of COVID-19 and the pathogenesis of PI-IBS. Even though PI-IBS is becoming a global challenge, there are only a few studies about it and therefore limited knowledge. Currently, the majority of the existing treatment options are referred to non-COVID-19-associated DGBIs. Forthcoming studies may shed light on the mechanisms of PI-IBS that could be targeted for treatment development.

Temporal Trends in Diagnostic Hemodynamics and Survival of Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: A Single-Center Study.

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) have gradually improved the disease course. This retrospective cohort study aims to explore the diagnostic hemodynamic profile and survival of PH patients and their temporal changes, as well as investigate potential prognostic factors. Overall, 257 adult patients were diagnosed with PH following right heart catheterization (RHC) from January 2008 to June 2023 according to the hemodynamic cut-off values proposed by the corresponding ESC/ERS guidelines at the time RHC was performed. Of these patients, 46.3% were Group 1, 17.8% Group 2, 14.0% Group 3, 18.0% Group 4, and 3.0% Group 5 PH. Temporal improvement in both diagnostic hemodynamic profile and survival of patients with PH and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was identified after 2013. Survival analysis demonstrated 5-year survival rates of 65% in Group 1 PH (90.3% in idiopathic PAH) and 77% in Group 4 PH. PAH patients being at low risk at diagnosis presented a similar 1-year all-cause mortality rate (12.4%) with high-risk ones (12.8%), primarily due to non-PH-related causes of death (62%), while high-risk patients died mostly due to PH (67%). The observed improvements in diagnostic hemodynamic profiles and overall survival highlight the importance of timely diagnosis and successful treatment strategies in PH.

Mitral valve geometrical echocardiographic analysis and 3D computational modeling of a normal mitral valve.

Aim: This research aims to develop a consistent computational model of a normal mitral valve (MV) and describe mitral regurgitation (MR) geometry based on Carpentier's classification. Materials & methods: MV geometry was assessed by 2D transthoracic echocardiogram in 100 individuals. A 3D parametric geometric model of the MV was developed. A computational model of a normal MV was performed. Results: The simulation of the valve function was successfully accomplished and its kinematics was analyzed. Differences in geometry were revealed between normal and type III MR. Conclusion: 3D computational models of the normal MV can be constructed relying on standard measurements performed by 2D echocardiography. Certain geometrical differences exist among the normal and the most severe type of MR.

Prognostic Implications of Clinical, Laboratory and Echocardiographic Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction-Rationale and Design of the ''CLEAR-AMI Study''.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a major cause of death worldwide. Survivors of AMI are particularly at high risk for additional cardiovascular events. Consequently, a comprehensive approach to secondary prevention is necessary to mitigate the occurrence of downstream complications. This may be achieved through a multiparametric tailored risk stratification by incorporating clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters. METHODS: The ''CLEAR-AMI Study'' (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05791916) is a non-interventional, prospective study including consecutive patients with AMI without a known history of coronary artery disease. All patients satisfying these inclusion criteria are enrolled in the present study. The rationale of this study is to refine risk stratification by using clinical, laboratory and novel echocardiographic biomarkers. All the patients undergo a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic assessment, including strain and myocardial work analysis of the left and right heart chambers, within 48 h of admission after coronary angiography. Their laboratory profile focusing on systemic inflammation is captured during the first 24 h upon admission, and their demographic characteristics, past medical history, and therapeutic management are recorded. The angioplasty details are documented, the non-culprit coronary lesions are archived, and the SYNTAX score is employed to evaluate the complexity of coronary artery disease. A 24-month follow-up period will be recorded for all patients recruited. CONCLUSION: The ''CLEAR-AMI" study is an ongoing prospective registry endeavoring to refine risk assessment in patients with AMI without a known history of coronary artery disease, by incorporating echocardiographic parameters, biochemical indices, and clinical and coronary characteristics in the acute phase of AMI.

Unmet Needs in the Assessment of Right Ventricular Function for Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a highly prevalent valvular heart disease that has been long overlooked, but lately its independent association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes was recognized. The time point to intervene and repair the tricuspid valve is defined by the right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction that comes up at a later stage. While guidelines favor tricuspid valve repair before severe RV dysfunction ensues, the definition of RV dysfunction in a universal manner remains vague. As a result, the candidates for transcatheter or surgical TR procedures are often referred late, when advanced RV dysfunction is established, and any derived procedural survival benefit is attenuated. Thus, it is of paramount importance to establish a universal means of RV function assessment in patients with TR. Conventional echocardiographic indices of RV function routinely applied have fundamental flaws that limit the precise characterization of RV performance. More recently, novel echocardiographic indices such as strain via speckle-tracking have emerged, demonstrating promising results in the identification of early RV damage. Additionally, evidence of the role of alternative imaging modalities such as cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance, for RV functional assessment in TR, has recently arisen. This review provides a systematic appraisal of traditional and novel multimodality indices of RV function in severe TR and aims to refine RV function assessment, designate future directions, and ultimately, to improve the outcome of patients suffering from severe TR.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation with the Portico Valve: 2-Year Outcomes of a Multicenter, Real-World Registry.

INTRODUCTION: The self-expanding, resheathable, repositionable transcatheter aortic heart valve Portico is being used successfully for transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedures (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes at 2 years after TAVI with the Portico valve. METHODS: Multicenter registry of clinical, echocardiographic and survival data from consecutive patients treated with the Portico TAVI system (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) in three cath labs in Northern Greece and Epirus during 2017-2020. The primary end point was all-cause mortality at 24 months. Secondary end points included procedural outcomes (efficacy and safety) and echocardiographic measurements. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients (81 ± 6 years, 50% females, mean age 81 ± 6 years) were included in the registry. The indication for implantation was severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (NYHA III, IV) in eighty-two (91.1%) and degeneration of a prosthetic aortic valve in eight (8.9%) patients. All patients were categorized as high surgical risk (mean Logistic Euroscore 25.9 ± 10, Euroscore II 7.7 ± 4.4 and STS score 10.8 ± 8.9). The procedure was performed transfemorally in all patients, under general anesthesia in 95.6%, under TOE guidance in 21.1%, with native valve predilatation in 46.7%, and the "resheath" option was used in 31.1% of the cases. The implantation was successful in 97.8% and there was a need for a second valve in 2.2% of the cases. Complications included permanent pacemaker implantation (16.7%), access cite complications (15.6%), arrythmias (23.3%), paravalvular leak (moderate 7.8%, severe 1.1%), acute kidney injury (7.8%), no strokes and one death during the procedure. Aortic valve peak velocity, peak and mean pressure gradients, were significantly reduced after the procedure. All-cause mortality at 1, 12 and 24 months was 4.4%, 6.7% and 7.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TAVI with the Portico system comprises an effective and safe solution for the management of severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis in high-risk surgical patients.