Online administration of the ADOS for research with adolescents and adults in response to the pandemic.

This study evaluates an online ADOS-2 Module 4 administration. Adolescents and adults with (n = 24; 7 females) and without (n = 13; 5 females) a history of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) completed the ADOS-2 Module 4 via videoconference. Parents or caregivers completed the Parent/Caregiver Form of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the Achenbach Adult Behavior Checklist. The ADOS-2 was reviewed and scored by five trained clinicians and supervised by a senior clinician with established research reliability. The autistic group's scores differed on ADOS total (Calibrated Severity Score, WPS instrument) and domain scores, KSADS domain scores, and Achenbach T-scores. Inter-rater reliability was "moderate" (κ = 0.732), and percentage item-wise agreement was r = 0.69. The online ADOS-2 showed significant convergence with parent-reported assessments of ASD-relevant symptoms and characteristics, suggesting it was a valid assessment. While any online assessments must be used with caution, results suggest that the approach described here could have sufficient validity and reliability to fill the urgent need to assess and evaluate ASD symptomatology, as one component of a thorough clinical evaluation of ASD-related behaviors. LAY SUMMARY: In this exploratory study, we asked whether it was possible to give the ADOS-2 to adolescents and adults in a completely online way. Results showed that expert clinicians agreed on 69% of ADOS-2 items; also, participants with autism had higher scores on all parts of the ADOS-2. The online ADOS-2 scores had strong and significant relationships with parents' reports of friendship and social skills. While we need more research that tests this method, this way of doing the ADOS-2 online may be useful for clinicians and researchers who have an urgent need to evaluate autism during the pandemic.

Primary Care Clinician and Child Characteristics Impacting Autism Surveillance.

Early detection of autism provides access to early intervention and subsequently fewer lifelong challenges. However, disparities in screening have been associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and race, and disparities in surveillance have been associated with clinician knowledge and beliefs about autism identification. The present study examines associations between demographic variables and clinician beliefs, and agreement between screening results and clinician surveillance. Surveillance included activities used by the primary care clinicians (PCCs) to assess risk for autism. PCCs reported their beliefs about autism screening and identification, their sex, race, years in practice, and racial distribution of their patient population. Children's demographic information was also collected. PCCs identified children as having, or not having, an increased likelihood of autism, and parents of children completed an autism screener. Agreement between screening and surveillance results were examined across PCC, practice, and child demographics. Higher confidence in autism knowledge and screening resources, female PCC sex, and majority White practice patient demographics all predicted agreement between screening and surveillance. Female child sex and higher maternal education also predicted agreement between screening and surveillance. These findings highlight the importance of PCC screening beliefs and child and PCC demographics on the autism identification process.