Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillatac

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage.

Nanotecnologia na terapia antálgica / Nanotechnology in antalgic therapy

Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.

Nanotecnologia na terapia antálgica / Nanotechnology in antalgic therapy

Grandes pesquisas estão voltadas ao estudo da dor e a seus métodos supressores. Entre os principais fármacos utilizados na abordagem multimodal do tratamento da dor na medicina veterinária estão os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs), os anestésicos locais (AL) e os opioides. No entanto, o uso desses fármacos fica limitado devido, principalmente, a seus efeitos adversos sistêmicos, seus tempos de ação reduzidos e suas difíceis administrações. Buscando o controle adequado da dor, diversas pesquisas associando nanotecnologia com fármacos já classicamente utilizados com propósito analgésico vêm sendo realizadas. Elas visam à liberação controlada do fármaco, o prolongamento do período de ação e biodisponibilidade, a redução das doses e dos efeitos adversos, além da facilidade na aplicação. Os primeiros passos já foram dados, mas novos trabalhos nessa área são essenciais para essa tecnologia tornar-se uma realidade clínica. Este trabalho busca amplificar o conhecimento de pesquisas realizadas na área e enfatizar a importância da nanotecnologia, revisando conceitos disponíveis sobre o uso na terapia antálgica com a finalidade de obter seu melhor entendimento e aproveitamento.(AU)

There are great researches focused on the study of pain and its suppressive methods. Among the main drugs used in the multimodal approach to pain management in veterinary medicine are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), local anesthetics (LA) and opioids. However, the uses of these drugs are limited, mainly due to their systemic adverse effects, their reduced action times and their difficult administrations. Aiming for the adequate control of the pain, several researches associating nanotechnology with drugs, already classically used for analgesic purposes, have been carried out, working on the controlled release of the drug, prolongation of the action period and bioavailability, reduction of doses and adverse effects, besides the ease in the application. The first steps have already been taken, but new work in this area is essential if this technology is to become a clinical reality. This work seeks to amplify the knowledge about researches in the field and to emphasize the importance of this new technology, reviewing available concepts about the use of nanotechnology in antalgic therapy in order to obtain its better understanding and use.(AU)

Avaliação da contaminação ambiental em Hospital Veterinário e antibiograma acumulativo / Evaluation of environmental contamination at veterinary teaching hospital and cumulative antibiogram

Este artigo aborda inicialmente o controle microbiológico realizado no Hospital Veterinário ULBRA Canoas (HV-ULBRA) no período entre maio de 2016 a agosto de 2017 nos setores como; ambulatórios, internação, centro cirúrgico de pequenos animais de companhia e materiais utilizados na rotina cirúrgica, identificando microrganismos e pontos críticos no ambiente hospitalar. A segunda etapa aborda informações referentes à sensibilidade e resistência de microrganismos a antibióticos, referentes ao sistema otológico, urinário e sistema tegumentar, oriundos de culturas e antibiogramas realizados no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016 no Laboratório de Microbiologia do HV-ULBRA, abordando o conceito do antibiograma acumulativo, visando maximizar terapias empíricas.

This paper initially addresses the microbiological control performed at the ULBRA Veterinaryteaching Hospital (HV-ULBRA) in the period between May 2016 to August 2017 in sectors suchas: exam room, wards, surgical center and materials used in the surgical routine, identifyingmicroorganisms and critical points in the hospital environment. The second stage deals with thesensitivity and resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, referring to the otological, urinary andtegumentary systems, from cultures and antibiograms performed from January to December 2016at the Laboratory of Microbiology of HV-ULBRA. Addrressing the concept of the cumulativeantibiogram, aiming at maximizing empirical therapies.

Avaliação da contaminação ambiental em Hospital Veterinário e antibiograma acumulativo / Evaluation of environmental contamination at veterinary teaching hospital and cumulative antibiogram

Este artigo aborda inicialmente o controle microbiológico realizado no Hospital Veterinário ULBRA Canoas (HV-ULBRA) no período entre maio de 2016 a agosto de 2017 nos setores como; ambulatórios, internação, centro cirúrgico de pequenos animais de companhia e materiais utilizados na rotina cirúrgica, identificando microrganismos e pontos críticos no ambiente hospitalar. A segunda etapa aborda informações referentes à sensibilidade e resistência de microrganismos a antibióticos, referentes ao sistema otológico, urinário e sistema tegumentar, oriundos de culturas e antibiogramas realizados no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016 no Laboratório de Microbiologia do HV-ULBRA, abordando o conceito do antibiograma acumulativo, visando maximizar terapias empíricas.(AU)

This paper initially addresses the microbiological control performed at the ULBRA Veterinaryteaching Hospital (HV-ULBRA) in the period between May 2016 to August 2017 in sectors suchas: exam room, wards, surgical center and materials used in the surgical routine, identifyingmicroorganisms and critical points in the hospital environment. The second stage deals with thesensitivity and resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics, referring to the otological, urinary andtegumentary systems, from cultures and antibiograms performed from January to December 2016at the Laboratory of Microbiology of HV-ULBRA. Addrressing the concept of the cumulativeantibiogram, aiming at maximizing empirical therapies.(AU)

Leucemia linfoblástica aguda e aspectos microscópicos: relato de caso / Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microscopic aspects: Case report

Existem duas principais formas clínicas de leucemia descritas em cães e gatos, a leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) e leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC). A LLA ocorre em animais adultos jovens a meia-idade, sendo caracterizada pela presença de linfoblastos no sangue e na medula óssea. Para diferenciar leucemias linfocíticas de células T e B, indica-se a utilização de análise molecular ou colorações citoquímicas para detecção de CD34 confirmando a classificação de uma leucemia aguda. Porém ressalta-se neste relato de caso a importância do diferencial leucocitário microscópico, mesmo quando há a utilização dos dados obtidos por contadores hematológicos sanguíneos, pois inicialmente a presença de células linfóides atípicas e imaturas em esfregaços sanguíneos sugere leucemia, podendo não ser mensuradas pela automatização, assim como descreve este relato, onde foi diagnosticada LLA devido alterações morfológicas e quantificação de linfoblastos no esfregaço sanguíneo juntamente com exames clínicos.

There are two main clinical forms of leukemia described in dogs and cats, acute lymphoblasticleukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ALL occurs in young adult animalsin middle age, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the blood and bone marrow. Todifferentiate lymphocytic leukemias from T and B cells, indicative of molecular analysis or colorscytochemical staining for detection of CD34 confirming a classification of an acute leukemia.However, in this case report the difference of the microscopic leukocyte, when the data obtainedby blood hematological counters occurs, initially a presence of atypical and immature lymphoidcells in blood smears suggests leukemia, and may not be measured by automation, as describedThis report, where ALL was diagnosed due to morphological alterations and quantification of nonsmearlymphoblast’s along with clinical exams.

Leucemia linfoblástica aguda e aspectos microscópicos: relato de caso / Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and microscopic aspects: Case report

Existem duas principais formas clínicas de leucemia descritas em cães e gatos, a leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) e leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC). A LLA ocorre em animais adultos jovens a meia-idade, sendo caracterizada pela presença de linfoblastos no sangue e na medula óssea. Para diferenciar leucemias linfocíticas de células T e B, indica-se a utilização de análise molecular ou colorações citoquímicas para detecção de CD34 confirmando a classificação de uma leucemia aguda. Porém ressalta-se neste relato de caso a importância do diferencial leucocitário microscópico, mesmo quando há a utilização dos dados obtidos por contadores hematológicos sanguíneos, pois inicialmente a presença de células linfóides atípicas e imaturas em esfregaços sanguíneos sugere leucemia, podendo não ser mensuradas pela automatização, assim como descreve este relato, onde foi diagnosticada LLA devido alterações morfológicas e quantificação de linfoblastos no esfregaço sanguíneo juntamente com exames clínicos.(AU)

There are two main clinical forms of leukemia described in dogs and cats, acute lymphoblasticleukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ALL occurs in young adult animalsin middle age, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the blood and bone marrow. Todifferentiate lymphocytic leukemias from T and B cells, indicative of molecular analysis or colorscytochemical staining for detection of CD34 confirming a classification of an acute leukemia.However, in this case report the difference of the microscopic leukocyte, when the data obtainedby blood hematological counters occurs, initially a presence of atypical and immature lymphoidcells in blood smears suggests leukemia, and may not be measured by automation, as describedThis report, where ALL was diagnosed due to morphological alterations and quantification of nonsmearlymphoblasts along with clinical exams.(AU)