A Cluster Analysis of Neuropsychological Impairment in Borderline Personality Disorder: Identifying a Neurocognitive Subtype Linked to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been consistently demonstrated. However, a specific neuropsychological profile has not yet been established for this disorder, maybe due to the heterogeneity of BPD. The aim of this work is the search for distinct neuropsychological subtypes among patients with BPD and for the association of neuropsychological subgroups with specific clinical characteristics. METHODOLOGY: One hundred fifteen patients with BPD diagnosis received an extensive neuropsychological evaluation assessing attentional, memory and executive functions indexes. For subtyping strategies, a cluster analysis of neuropsychological BPD distribution was performed. Central clinical dimensions of BPD were measured and analysed in relation with the obtained neuropsychological clusters. RESULTS: Two clusters were found: Cluster 1 showed a significantly lower score on the working memory index, and Cluster 2 had significantly worse overall executive performance, response inhibition and planning abilities. Patients in the neurocognitive Cluster 2 showed significantly higher clinical deficits of attention as measured with subscales of the CAARS attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) index (F = 2.549, p < 0.005, d = 11.49). CONCLUSIONS: Two neuropsychological clusters of patients were found in the BPD sample: Cluster 1 patients showed greater impairment in working memory, while Cluster 2 patients had greater deficits of executive functioning, particularly for response inhibition and planning. In addition, BPD patients with greater executive deficits presented greater levels of ADHD clinical features. These findings might also facilitate earlier diagnosis of severe BPD patient profiles and to establish more personalized treatment based on neurocognitive stimulation.

The thermal journey of macroalgae: Four decades of temperature-induced changes in the southeastern Bay of Biscay.

Global warming is triggering significant shifts in temperate macroalgal communities worldwide, favoring small, warm-affinity species over large canopy-forming, cold-affinity species. The Cantabrian Sea, a region acutely impacted by climate change, is also witnessing this shift. This study delved into the impacts of increasing sea surface temperature on the subtidal macroalgal communities in the southeastern Bay of Biscay over the last four decades, by using data from the years 1982, 2007, 2014, and 2020. We found that temperature has shaped the community structure, with warm-affinity species steadily displacing their cold-affinity counterparts. Notably, new communities exhibited a profusion of smaller algal species, explaining the observed increased biodiversity within the area. In the last period investigated (2014-2020), we observed a partial recovery of the communities, coinciding with cooler sea surface temperatures. Shallow algal communities were more reactive to temperature variations than deeper communities, possibly associated with higher exposure to increased temperatures. Our study offered insights into the intricate relationship between the changes in ocean temperature and algal species in the southeastern Bay of Biscay, shedding light on the ongoing ecological shifts in this region.

Split-plot marine experiment to assess ecophysiological responses of Gelidium corneum assemblages.

Canopy-forming macroalgae are facing large declines due to climate change worldwide. The foundation species Gelidium corneum (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux has shown a long-term decline in the Southeastern Bay of Biscay. We conducted an in situ experiment to investigate the combined effect of solar radiation and nutrient availability on the photosynthetic acclimation and growth of this macrophyte, and on the species richness and diversity of the assemblages that it forms. Photochemical stress in G. corneum was found to be greater at the end of the study, probably as a result of a prolonged exposure to high irradiance (PAR and UVR) and due to high temperatures during summer. We found an acclimation of G. corneum specimens to summer light and thermal conditions through dynamic/reversible photoinhibition and a decrease in photosynthetic efficiency. Nutrients may also have had a positive effect in dealing with the negative effects of these stressors. Under ongoing global climate change and projections for the future, further research will be needed to better understand the effects not only on canopy forming species but also on the whole community and thus on the functioning of the ecosystem.

Short-term response of macroalgal communities to ocean warming in the Southern Bay of Biscay.

Climate change is causing significant shifts in biological communities worldwide, including the degradation of marine communities. Previous research has predicted that southern Bay of Biscay canopy-forming subtidal macroalgal communities will shift into turf-forming Mediterranean-like communities by the end of the century. These predictions were based on a community-environment relationship model that used macroalgal abundance data and IPCC environmental projections. We have tested the short-term accuracy of that model by resampling the same communities and locations four years later and found the short-term predictions to be consistent with the observed communities. Changes in sea surface temperature were positively correlated with changes in the Community Temperature Index, suggesting that macroalgal communities had responded quickly to global warming. The changes over four years were significant, but canopy-forming macroalgae were more resilient in local sites with favourable temperature conditions. Our study demonstrated that updating predictive models with new data has the potential to yield reliable predictions and inform effective conservation strategies.

El sodio como excipiente de medicamentos y su potencial relación con la elevación de la presión arterial / Sodium as a drug excipient and its potential relationship with blood pressure elevation

Objetivos: Conocer la composición cuantitativa de sodio en las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes y en soluciones de analgésicos, suplementos de calcio y mucolíticos utilizadas crónicamente; evaluar en qué proporción se tiene en cuenta el potencial riesgo a la hora de prescribir estos medicamentos a pacientes hipertensos y analizar si la toma de estas formas farmacéuticas por la población hipertensa se acompañaba de una descompensación de los valores de presión arterial (PA). Métodos: Se calculó el porcentaje de hipertensos tratados con paracetamol, calcio y acetilcisteína efervescentes (bicarbonato y carbonato sódico) en 10 Centros de Atención Primaria. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo con grupo control (ajustado por edad y género) en uno de los centros; seguimiento de un año. Las variables estudiadas fueron: PA sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD) pre-post inicio del tratamiento con las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes, considerando clínicamente relevantes incrementos >5 mmHg; intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo.Resultados: Un 7,7% (rango: 5,4%-9,9%) de pacientes hipertensos se trataron con los medicamentos efervescentes estudiados. El porcentaje de hipertensos que mostraron un aumento de PAS relevante fue significativamente superior en el grupo tratado con medicamentos efervescentes en comparación al del grupo control: 35,9% (IC 95% 27,2%-44,6%) vs. 18,8% (IC 95% 12,7%-24,8%) y también respecto a la intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo, 46,6% (IC 95% 37,5%-55,6%) vs. 30% (IC 95% 22,9%-37,1%).Conclusiones: La sensibilización al potencial efecto adverso es muy variable. Los medicamentos efervescentes que incluyen carbonato-bicarbonato de sodio pueden incrementar la PA. El uso de las formas farmacéuticas efervescentes, especialmente en pacientes de riesgo, debe evitarse. (AU)

Aim: To know the quantitative composition of sodium in effervescent pharmaceutical forms and in solutions of analgesics, calcium supplements and mucolytics used chronically; to evaluate in what proportion the potential risk is taken into account when prescribing these drugs to hypertensive patients and to analyze whether the taking of these pharmaceutical forms by the hypertensive population was accompanied by a decompensation of blood pressure (BP) values.Methods: The percentage of hypertensive patients treated with effervescent paracetamol, calcium and acetylcysteine (bicarbonate and sodium carbonate) in 10 Primary Care Centers was calculated. A retrospective cohort study with a control group (adjusted for age and gender) was carried out in one of the centers. The follow-up was one year. The study variables were systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pre-post initiation of treatment with effervescent preparations, considering clinically relevant increases >5 mmHg; intensification of antihypertensive treatment.Results: 7.7% (range 5.4%-9.9%) of hypertensive patients were treated with the study effervescent drugs. The percentage of hypertensive patients who showed a relevant increase in SBP was significantly higher in the group treated with effervescent drugs compared to the control group: 35.9% (95% CI 27.2%-44.6%) vs. 18.8% (95% CI 12.7%-24.8%) and also regarding the intensification of antihypertensive treatment, 46.6% (95% CI 37.5%-55.6%) vs. 30% (95% CI 22.9%-37.1%).Conclusions: Sensitivity to the potential adverse effect is highly variable. Effervescent medications that include sodium carbonate-bicarbonate can increase BP. The use of effervescent pharmaceutical forms, especially in patients at risk, should be avoided. (AU)

A spatially-modelled snapshot of future marine macroalgal assemblages in southern Europe: Towards a broader Mediterranean region?

The effect of climate change on species distribution has been the focus of much recent research, but the community-level approach remains poorly studied. Our investigation applies a present assemblage-environment relationship model for the first time to the predict changes in subtidal macroalgal assemblages in the northern Iberian Peninsula under the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios by 2100. Water temperature is the most relevant factor in shaping assemblage distribution, whilst nutrient availability plays a secondary role. The results partially support our hypothesis that there may well be a potential meridionalisation of northern Iberian assemblages in the future. Under the most pessimistic scenario, the model projects that the north-western assemblages will remain distinct from the rest, whereas the central and eastern assemblages of the north coast of the Iberian Peninsula will come to resemble those of the Mediterranean region more closely than those of the northwest coast. This research may help predict how the biodiversity of the coastal ecosystem will respond to new environmental conditions. This is essential information for developing proper management and conservation policies.

Conocimiento y experiencia en violencia de género de las/os tutoras/es médicas/os y residentes de medicina de familia de Galicia / Knowledge and experience in gender violence of tutors and trainees of Galicia family medicine

OBJETIVO: Analizar el nivel de preparación, conocimiento y experiencia sobre la violencia de género de las/os tutoras/es médicas/os y las/os residentes de medicina de familia de las Unidades Docentes de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria de Galicia. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo transversal en las siete Unidades Docentes de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria de Galicia. Se utilizó el cuestionario Physician Readiness Manage Intimate Violence Survey (PREMIS), en su versión validada en español. Esta encuesta permite recoger información de las/os profesionales sanitarios de atención primaria sobre sus actitudes, conocimientos y prácticas con respecto a la violencia de género. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo y comparativo de los datos. RESULTADOS: Se recibieron 159 cuestionarios, 72,32% procedían de mujeres, 59,1% de las respuestas fueron de médicas/os tutoras/es. Se apreció que existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la detección/diagnóstico de violencia a favor que aquellas/os profesionales que tenían conocimiento del protocolo de violencia de género o que habían recibido formación sobre esta materia (p < 0,01). En la autopercepción de la formación sobre violencia de género se observaron peores resultados con significación estadística en aquellas/os profesionales con mayor carga asistencial (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Haber recibido formación o conocer el protocolo de atención sanitaria se asocia con una mayor detección de casos de violencia de género. Se ha constatado déficit en formación en violencia de género tanto en tutoras/es como en residentes de medicina de familia, especialmente en los que tienen mayor carga asistencial, por lo que es una prioridad desarrollar estrategias de formación médica en este campo

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the level of preparation, knowledge and experience of gender violence of medical tutors and family medicine trainees of the Teaching Units of Family and Community Care of Galicia. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the 7 Teaching Units of Family and Community Care in Galicia. The Physician Readiness Manage Intimate Violence Survey (PREMIS), in its validated version in Spanish was used. This survey allows the collection of information from primary health care professionals about their attitudes, knowledge, and practices as regards gender violence. A descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was performed on the data. RESULTS: Out of a total of 159 questionnaires received, 72.32% came from women, and 59.1% of the responses were from doctors / tutors. It was noted that there were statistically significant differences in the detection / diagnosis of violence by those professionals who were aware of the gender violence protocol or who had received training in this area (P<.01). In the self-perception of gender violence training, statistically significant worse results were observed in those professionals with greater care burden (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Having received training or knowing the health care protocol on gender violence is associated with greater detection of cases of gender violence. There has been a deficit in training in gender-based violence both in tutors and in family medicine residents, especially in those with greater care burden, so it is a priority to develop medical training strategies in this field

[Knowledge And Experience In Gender Violence Of Tutors And Trainees Of Galicia Family Medicine]. / Conocimiento y experiencia en violencia de género de las/os tutoras/es médicas/os y residentes de medicina de familia de Galicia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the level of preparation, knowledge and experience of gender violence of medical tutors and family medicine trainees of the Teaching Units of Family and Community Care of Galicia. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the 7 Teaching Units of Family and Community Care in Galicia. The Physician Readiness Manage Intimate Violence Survey (PREMIS), in its validated version in Spanish was used. This survey allows the collection of information from primary health care professionals about their attitudes, knowledge, and practices as regards gender violence. A descriptive and comparative statistical analysis was performed on the data. RESULTS: Out of a total of 159 questionnaires received, 72.32% came from women, and 59.1% of the responses were from doctors / tutors. It was noted that there were statistically significant differences in the detection / diagnosis of violence by those professionals who were aware of the gender violence protocol or who had received training in this area (P<.01). In the self-perception of gender violence training, statistically significant worse results were observed in those professionals with greater care burden (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Having received training or knowing the health care protocol on gender violence is associated with greater detection of cases of gender violence. There has been a deficit in training in gender-based violence both in tutors and in family medicine residents, especially in those with greater care burden, so it is a priority to develop medical training strategies in this field.

Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica previa embolización supraselectiva como tratamiento de angiomiolipomas renales gigantes / Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with prior superselective embolisation as treatment for giant renal angiomyolipoma

Objetivo: Los casos de angiomiolipoma renal gigante (> 9 cm) son un reto terapéutico por su baja frecuencia y su tamaño. El objetivo del tratamiento de los pacientes con angiomiolipoma renal debe ser la extirpación completa del tumor, con una técnica quirúrgica conservadora de nefronas, sin complicaciones y mediante un abordaje mínimamente invasivo. Material y métodos: Presentamos 3 casos de angiomiolipoma gigante (14, 12 y 10 cm) tratados mediante abordaje combinado: embolización supraselectiva y posterior nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica, en 3 hospitales diferentes. Resultados: Ningún caso precisó reconversión a cirugía abierta, en uno de los 3 pacientes se realizó clampaje arterial y ninguno experimentó complicaciones. Conclusiones: El abordaje combinado permite una cirugía con criterios de mínima invasión, conservadora de nefronas, con escaso sangrado y disminución del tiempo de isquemia caliente

Objective: Cases of giant renal angiomyolipoma (> 9 cm) are a therapeutic challenge due to their low frequency and large size. The treatment objective for patients with renal angiomyolipoma should be complete tumour extirpation, with a nephron-sparing surgical technique, without complications and using a minimally invasive approach. Material and methods: We present 3 cases of giant angiomyolipoma (10 12 and 14 cm) treated with a combined approach: superselective embolisation and subsequent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, in 3 separate hospitals. Results: None of the cases required conversion to open surgery. One of the 3 patients underwent arterial clamping, and none of the patients had complications. Conclusions: The combined approach provides a procedure with the criteria of minimal invasiveness, nephron sparing, little bleeding and reduced warm ischaemia time

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with prior superselective embolisation as treatment for giant renal angiomyolipoma. / Nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica previa embolización supraselectiva como tratamiento de angiomiolipomas renales gigantes.

OBJECTIVE: Cases of giant renal angiomyolipoma (>9cm) are a therapeutic challenge due to their low frequency and large size. The treatment objective for patients with renal angiomyolipoma should be complete tumour extirpation, with a nephron-sparing surgical technique, without complications and using a minimally invasive approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present 3 cases of giant angiomyolipoma (10 12 and 14cm) treated with a combined approach: superselective embolisation and subsequent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, in 3 separate hospitals. RESULTS: None of the cases required conversion to open surgery. One of the 3 patients underwent arterial clamping, and none of the patients had complications. CONCLUSIONS: The combined approach provides a procedure with the criteria of minimal invasiveness, nephron sparing, little bleeding and reduced warm ischaemia time.

Descripción de 2 casos de penfigoide anti-p200. Utilidad de una técnica inmunohistoquímica sencilla en el diagnóstico diferencial con otras enfermedades ampollosas autoinmunes / Usefulness of a simple immunohistochemical staining technique to differentiate anti-p200 pemphigoid from other autoimmune blistering diseases: a report of 2 cases

El penfigoide anti-p200 es una enfermedad ampollosa subepidérmica autoinmune infrecuente, asociada a la presencia de anticuerpos circulantes de tipo IgG dirigidos frente a la laminina gamma-1, una proteína de 200 kDa localizada en la lámina lúcida de la membrana basal. Revisamos las características clínicas, histopatológicas e inmunológicas de los 2 primeros casos descritos en España. El penfigoide anti-p200 comparte hallazgos histopatológicos e inmunopatológicos con la epidermólisis ampollosa adquirida, su principal diagnóstico diferencial. Sin embargo, su manejo sigue las mismas pautas descritas para el penfigoide ampolloso. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante inmunoblot, una técnica compleja y accesible en pocos centros. Proponemos la detección mediante inmunohistoquímica del colágeno IV en el suelo de la ampolla, combinándola con las técnicas habituales de inmunofluorescencia, como alternativa sencilla y disponible, para diferenciarlo de la epidermólisis ampollosa adquirida

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by the presence of circulating immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against laminin gamma-1, a 200-kDa protein located in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. We review the clinical, histopathological and immunological characteristics of the first 2 cases described in Spain. Anti-p200 pemphigoid shares histopathological and immunopathological findings with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, the main entity in the differential diagnosis. However, its management follows the same guidelines as those used for bullous pemphigoid. The diagnosis is confirmed by immunoblotting, which is a complex technique available in few centers. We propose the immunohistochemical detection of collagen type IV on the floor of the blister, combined with standard immunofluorescence techniques, as a simple, accessible alternative to differentiate anti-p200 pemphigoid from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

Usefulness of a Simple Immunohistochemical Staining Technique to Differentiate Anti-p200 Pemphigoid From Other Autoimmune Blistering Diseases: A Report of 2 Cases. / Descripción de 2 casos de penfigoide anti-p200. Utilidad de una técnica inmunohistoquímica sencilla en el diagnóstico diferencial con otras enfermedades ampollosas autoinmunes.

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by the presence of circulating immunoglobulin G antibodies directed against laminin gamma-1, a 200-kDa protein located in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. We review the clinical, histopathological and immunological characteristics of the first 2 cases described in Spain. Anti-p200 pemphigoid shares histopathological and immunopathological findings with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, the main entity in the differential diagnosis. However, its management follows the same guidelines as those used for bullous pemphigoid. The diagnosis is confirmed by immunoblotting, which is a complex technique available in few centers. We propose the immunohistochemical detection of collagen type IV on the floor of the blister, combined with standard immunofluorescence techniques, as a simple, accessible alternative to differentiate anti-p200 pemphigoid from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

[Conservative management of liver trauma and its complications: current gold-standard]. / Tratamiento conservador de los traumatismos hepáticos y sus complicaciones: gold-standard actual.

INTRODUCTION: The liver is the second most frequently involved organ in abdominal trauma in children. The aim of this study was to review the characteristics of liver traumas (LT) in children, its treatment and complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients with LT treated between 2010-2014. We analyzed data regarding diagnosis, conservative management (CM), complications and treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients of LT with a mean age of 9.8 years (SD: 3.4) were treated at our center. Liver injury degrees according to the Organ Injury Scale of American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) were: grade I (4), grade II (6), grade III (8), grade IV (5) and grade V (1). CT angiography was performed in 23 patients. Four of the six patients with initial hemodynamic instability required blood transfusion; of those, two required angioembolization for active bleeding in extrahepatic locations and a third required damage control surgery. Three patients presented late-onset complications: 2 large size bilomas which underwent spontaneous resolution and a third patient with a right biloma and section of the left bile duct who required a multidisciplinary approach. Median hospital stay was 6 days (r 1-92). With a mean follow-up of 17.75 months (SD: 16.35) (r: 2-57) long-term survival was 96%. The patient who received surgery died due to a post-traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION: CM seems to be the treatment of choice in LT regardless of injury degree. Surgery should be reserved for cases refractory to CM due to the associated high mortality.

INTRODUCCION: El hígado es el segundo órgano más afectado en traumatismos abdominales en edad pediátrica. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las características de los traumatismos hepáticos (TH), su tratamiento y complicaciones. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con TH atendidos entre 2010 -2014. Analizamos datos referentes al diagnóstico, tratamiento conservador (TC), complicaciones y tratamiento de las mismas. RESULTADOS: Se trataron 24 casos de TH con una edad media de 9,8 años (DS: 3,4). Los grados de lesiones hepáticas según la Organ Injury Scale of American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) fueron: grado I (4), grado II (6), grado III (8), grado IV (5) y grado V (1). Se realizó angio-TC en 23 pacientes. Cuatro de los 6 pacientes que presentaron inestabilidad hemodinámica inicial requirieron transfusión de hemoderivados; de éstos, 2 requirieron angioembolización por sangrado activo extrahepático y un tercero se intervino de forma urgente. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones tardías: 2 bilomas de gran tamaño que se resolvieron espontáneamente y un biloma derecho con sección de vía biliar izquierda que requirió un abordaje multidisciplinar. En los 3 casos se trataba de traumatismos de alto grado (2 grado IV, 1 grado V). La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 6 días (r: 1-92). Con una media de seguimiento de 17,75 meses (DS: 16,35) (r: 2-57) la supervivencia global fue del 96%. El paciente que requirió cirugía falleció por el traumatismo craneoencefálico asociado. CONCLUSIONES: El TC parece ser de primera elección en los TH independientemente del grado aunque no está exento de complicaciones. La cirugía debe reservarse para los casos refractarios al TC dada la alta mortalidad que conlleva.

Tratamiento conservador de los traumatismos hepáticos y sus complicaciones: gold-standard actual / Conservative management of liver trauma and its complications: current gold-standard

Introducción. El hígado es el segundo órgano más afectado en traumatismos abdominales en edad pediátrica. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las características de los traumatismos hepáticos (TH), su tratamiento y complicaciones. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con TH atendidos entre 2010 -2014. Analizamos datos referentes al diagnóstico, tratamiento conservador (TC), complicaciones y tratamiento de las mismas. Resultados. Se trataron 24 casos de TH con una edad media de 9,8 años (DS: 3,4). Los grados de lesiones hepáticas según la Organ Injury Scale of American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) fueron: grado I (4), grado II (6), grado III (8), grado IV (5) y grado V (1). Se realizó angio-TC en 23 pacientes. Cuatro de los 6 pacientes que presentaron inestabilidad hemodinámica inicial requirieron transfusión de hemoderivados; de éstos, 2 requirieron angioembolización por sangrado activo extrahepático y un tercero se intervino de forma urgente. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones tardías: 2 bilomas de gran tamaño que se resolvieron espontáneamente y un biloma derecho con sección de vía biliar izquierda que requirió un abordaje multidisciplinar. En los 3 casos se trataba de traumatismos de alto grado (2 grado IV, 1 grado V). La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 6 días (r: 1-92). Con una media de seguimiento de 17,75 meses (DS: 16,35) (r: 2-57) la supervivencia global fue del 96%. El paciente que requirió cirugía falleció por el traumatismo craneoencefálico asociado. Conclusiones. El TC parece ser de primera elección en los TH independientemente del grado aunque no está exento de complicaciones. La cirugía debe reservarse para los casos refractarios al TC dada la alta mortalidad que conlleva

Introduction. The liver is the second most frequently involved organ in abdominal trauma in children. The aim of this study was to review the characteristics of liver traumas (LT) in children, its treatment and complications. Material and methods. Retrospective study of patients with LT treated between 2010-2014. We analyzed data regarding diagnosis, conservative management (CM), complications and treatment. Results. Twenty-four patients of LT with a mean age of 9.8 years (SD: 3.4) were treated at our center. Liver injury degrees according to the Organ Injury Scale of American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) were: grade I (4), grade II (6), grade III (8), grade IV (5) and grade V (1). CT angiography was performed in 23 patients. Four of the six patients with initial hemodynamic instability required blood transfusion; of those, two required angioembolization for active bleeding in extrahepatic locations and a third required damage control surgery. Three patients presented late-onset complications: 2 large size bilomas which underwent spontaneous resolution and a third patient with a right biloma and section of the left bile duct who required a multidisciplinary approach. Median hospital stay was 6 days (r 1-92). With a mean follow-up of 17.75 months (SD: 16.35) (r: 2-57) long-term survival was 96%. The patient who received surgery died due to a post-traumatic brain injury. Conclusion. CM seems to be the treatment of choice in LT regardless of injury degree. Surgery should be reserved for cases refractory to CM due to the associated high mortality

Adaptación transcultural del cuestionario Urticaria Control Test del alemán al castellano / Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Urticaria Control Test From German to Castilian Spanish

INTRODUCCIÓN: Bajo el concepto de urticaria se incluye un grupo heterogéneo de entidades clasificadas según su evolución en urticaria aguda (duración inferior a 6 semanas) y urticaria crónica (duración igual o superior a 6 semanas). Las formas crónicas incluyen la urticaria crónica espontánea y las urticarias inducibles. Disponemos de un número limitado de herramientas para la monitorización de las distintas formas clínicas de urticaria y para la valoración de su impacto en la calidad de vida. Recientemente se ha creado el cuestionario Urticaria Control Test como herramienta para valorar el control de la urticaria, disponible tanto en alemán, el idioma original, como en inglés americano. OBJETIVO: Realizar la adaptación transcultural al castellano de las versiones larga y corta del Urticaria Control Test garantizando su equivalencia con la versión original. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Metodología de traducción directa, traducción inversa y entrevistas cognitivas siguiendo los principios de buena práctica de la International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. RESULTADOS: La primera versión del cuestionario en español, obtenida por traducción directa de la versión original, fue sometida a entrevistas cognitivas, realizándose modificaciones en 3 preguntas. Al valorar los autores originales la nueva versión obtenida por retrotraducción, se modificó únicamente una pregunta, ya que consideraron que con el cambio había perdido el enfoque global de la cuestión original. Se realizó una tercera versión, que fue sometida a mínimas modificaciones, obteniéndose la versión definitiva. CONCLUSIONES: Este trabajo facilita la utilización en castellano del cuestionario Urticaria Control Test en un paso previo a su validación

INTRODUCTION: The clinical concept of urticaria embraces a heterogeneous group of conditions classified according to their clinical course as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (lasting 6 weeks or more). Chronic urticaria may be either spontaneous or induced. Few tools are available for monitoring the various clinical forms of this disease or for evaluating its impact on quality of life. The recently developed Urticaria Control Test to evaluate disease control is available in German, the original language, and American English. OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the long and short versions of the Urticaria Control Test to Castilian Spanish to ensure equivalence between the translated items and those of the original version. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To translate the Urticaria Control Test we followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines, starting with forward translation and moving through back translation and cognitive debriefing steps. RESULTS: Three items were modified when the first Spanish version, translated from German, was discussed (cognitive debriefing). The revised translation was then translated back to German and sent to the Urticaria Control Test authors, who modified one item they considered had acquired a different focus through translation. A third Spanish version was then prepared and after minor proofreading changes was considered definitive. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first step in making it possible to use the Urticaria Control Test questionnaire in Castilian Spanish. The next step will be to validate the translated questionnaire

Fractura craneal deprimida congénita: ¿actitud a seguir? / Congenital depressed skull fracture: The steps to follow?

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Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Urticaria Control Test From German to Castilian Spanish.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical concept of urticaria embraces a heterogeneous group of conditions classified according to their clinical course as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic (lasting 6 weeks or more). Chronic urticaria may be either spontaneous or induced. Few tools are available for monitoring the various clinical forms of this disease or for evaluating its impact on quality of life. The recently developed Urticaria Control Test to evaluate disease control is available in German, the original language, and American English. OBJECTIVE: To culturally adapt the long and short versions of the Urticaria Control Test to Castilian Spanish to ensure equivalence between the translated items and those of the original version. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To translate the Urticaria Control Test we followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research good practice guidelines, starting with forward translation and moving through back translation and cognitive debriefing steps. RESULTS: Three items were modified when the first Spanish version, translated from German, was discussed (cognitive debriefing). The revised translation was then translated back to German and sent to the Urticaria Control Test authors, who modified one item they considered had acquired a different focus through translation. A third Spanish version was then prepared and after minor proofreading changes was considered definitive. CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first step in making it possible to use the Urticaria Control Test questionnaire in Castilian Spanish. The next step will be to validate the translated questionnaire.

Episodio aparentemente letal neonatal precoz / Early neonatal apparent life-threatening event

El contacto «piel con piel» tras el nacimiento ha demostrado efectos beneficiosos sobre la adaptación a la vida extrauterina y el vínculo madre-hijo, así como sobre la frecuencia y la duración de la lactancia materna. Teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de los episodios aparentemente letales neonatales precoces se producen en las primeras 2 horas de vida, durante el contacto piel con piel, creemos imprescindible garantizar la vigilancia en ese periodo (AU)

The 'skin to skin' contact has demonstrated beneficial effects on the adaptation to extrauterine life, on the mother-child bond and frequency and duration of breastfeeding. Considering that the early neonatal apparently lethal episode happens in most cases in the first two hours of life during the skin to skin contact, we must ensure supervision in that period (AU)