Low or absent SPARC expression in acute myeloid leukemia with MLL rearrangements is associated with sensitivity to growth inhibition by exogenous SPARC protein.

Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), is a matricellular glycoprotein with growth-inhibitory and antiangiogenic functions. Although SPARC has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in humans, its function in normal or malignant hematopoiesis has not previously been studied. We found that the leukemic cells of AML patients with MLL gene rearrangements express low to undetectable amounts of SPARC whereas normal hematopoietic progenitors and most AML patients express this gene. SPARC RNA and protein levels were also low or undetectable in AML cell lines with MLL translocations. Consistent with its tumor suppressive effects in various solid tumor models, exogenous SPARC protein selectively reduced the growth of cell lines with MLL rearrangements by inhibiting cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. The lack of SPARC expression in MLL-rearranged cell lines was associated with dense promoter methylation. However, we found no evidence of methylation-based silencing of SPARC in primary patient samples. Our results suggest that low or absent SPARC expression is a consistent feature of AML cells with MLL rearrangements and that SPARC may function as a tumor suppressor in this subset of patients. A potential role of exogenous SPARC in the therapy of MLL-rearranged AML warrants further investigation.

The Hox cofactor and proto-oncogene Pbx1 is required for maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver.

Pbx1 is the product of a proto-oncogene originally discovered at the site of chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. It binds DNA as a complex with a broad subset of homeodomain proteins, but its contributions to hematopoiesis have not been established. This paper reports that Pbx1 is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors during murine embryonic development and that its absence results in severe anemia and embryonic lethality at embryonic day 15 (E15) or E16. Definitive myeloerythroid lineages are present in Pbx1(-/-) fetal livers, but the total numbers of colony-forming cells are substantially reduced. Fetal liver hypoplasia reflects quantitative as well as qualitative defects in the most primitive multilineage progenitors and their lineage-restricted progeny. Hematopoietic stem cells from Pbx1(-/-) embryos have reduced colony-forming activity and are unable to establish multilineage hematopoiesis in competitive reconstitution experiments. Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), the earliest known myeloerythroid-restricted progenitors, are markedly depleted in Pbx1(-/-) embryos at E14 and display clonogenic defects in erythroid colony formation. Comparative cell-cycle indexes suggest that these defects result largely from insufficient proliferation. Megakaryocyte- and erythrocyte-committed progenitors are also reduced in number and show decreased erythroid colony-forming potential. Taken together, these data indicate that Pbx1 is essential for the function of hematopoietic progenitors with erythropoietic potential and that its loss creates a proliferative constriction at the level of the CMP. Thus, Pbx1 is required for the maintenance, but not the initiation, of definitive hematopoiesis and contributes to the mitotic amplifications of progenitor subsets through which mature erythrocytes are generated. (Blood. 2001;98:618-626)

A carboxy-terminal domain of ELL is required and sufficient for immortalization of myeloid progenitors by MLL-ELL.

The t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukemias fuses the gene encoding transcriptional elongation factor ELL to the MLL gene with consequent expression of an MLL-ELL chimeric protein. To identify potential mechanisms of leukemogenesis by MLL-ELL, its transcriptional and oncogenic properties were investigated. Fusion with MLL preserves the transcriptional elongation activity of ELL but relocalizes it from a diffuse nuclear distribution to the nuclear bodies characteristic of MLL. Using a serial replating assay, it was demonstrated that the MLL-ELL chimeric protein is capable of immortalizing clonogenic myeloid progenitors in vitro after its retroviral transduction into primary murine hematopoietic cells. However, a structure-function analysis indicates that the elongation domain is not essential for myeloid transformation because mutants lacking elongation activity retain a potent ability to immortalize myeloid progenitors. Rather, the highly conserved carboxyl terminal R4 domain is both a necessary and a sufficient contribution from ELL for the immortalizing activity associated with MLL-ELL. The R4 domain demonstrates potent transcriptional activation properties and is required for transactivation of a HoxA7 promoter by MLL-ELL in a transient transcriptional assay. These data indicate that neoplastic transformation by the MLL-ELL fusion protein is likely to result from aberrant transcriptional activation of MLL target genes. Thus, in spite of the extensive diversity of MLL fusion partners, these data, in conjunction with previous studies of MLL-ENL, suggest that conversion of MLL to a constitutive transcriptional activator may be a general model for its oncogenic conversion in myeloid leukemias. (Blood. 2000;96:3887-3893)

A novel initiator/promoter element within the CD45 upstream region.

Transcripts of the murine hematopoietic cell surface antigen CD45 (also known as Ly-5, LCA, T200 and B220) initiate at three distinct sites--P1a, P1b and P2--within the upstream region, though P1b is the major site of initiation in lymphoid cells. In our studies of the CD45 upstream region, we identified a cluster of nucleotides comprising the P2 start site, called the TC box, that acts as a minimal promoter for transcription from the P2 site. Thus, the TC box is functionally analogous to elements called initiators that direct RNA polymerases to begin transcription at specific positions. However, in contrast with other initiators, the CD45 TC box directs activated tissue specific expression. The TC initiator, therefore, may provide an effective means to achieve broad expression of exogenously introduced genes in immunologically relevant cells.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests in infants.

The TSH response to TRH administration (7 micrograms/kg) was measured in 68 infants (22 premature) who had abnormal thyroid screening tests by the filter paper method and whose serum thyroid function tests were only mildly abnormal. Twenty-eight infants (12 premature) had peak TSH values of 35 mU/L or less and were considered normal (group I). Forty infants (10 premature) had peak TSH values above 35 mU/L and were considered hyperresponsive (group II). The mean age at testing, screening T4, TSH levels that prompted the testing, as well as baseline T4, T3, and free T4 at the time of TRH testing were not different between the groups. The mean (+/- SD) baseline TSH value was greater in group II (6.8 +/- 2.3 mU/L) than in group I (4.4 +/- 2.2 mU/L; P < 0.001). However, there was a great deal of overlap in the individual TSH values (group I, 0.9-10 mU/L; group II, 1.9-10.6 mU/L). Mean peak TSH levels were significantly different in the two groups (group I, 24 +/- 7.7 mU/L; group II, 60.3 +/- 26.1 mU/L; P < 0.001). During long term follow-up, all 25 group I infants available for evaluation have been confirmed as clinically and biochemically normal. No infant diagnosed as normal was later found to have evidence of hypothyroidism. Fourteen infants in group II have had evidence of thyroid dysfunction. We conclude that the TSH response to TRH stimulation is a useful tool for the evaluation of infants suspected of having primary hypothyroidism. Whether hyperresponsiveness to TRH represents a form of neonatal hypothyroidism requiring treatment remains to be determined.

A novel autoregulatory cytokine is required for the regulation of autoaggressive responses.

Limiting dilution studies indicate that cells with the potential to lyse autologous target cells exist in the peripheral blood of all normal individuals. In contrast to allocytotoxic cells, autocytolytic cells are down-regulated by a second less frequent cell population. When recombinant interleukin 2 is substituted for crude lymphocyte conditioned medium in these limiting dilution experiments, autocytotoxicity develops normally. Under these conditions, however, the autocytotoxic response is not down-regulated. Mixing crude lymphocyte-conditioned medium together with recombinant interleukin 2 restores the regulation of autocytotoxicity normally seen at high responder cell dose. These findings indicate that a second soluble factor present in the conditioned medium is necessary either for the activation, growth, or differentiation of the regulatory cell population or alternatively, to render the cytotoxic population responsive to the activity of regulatory cells. Gel filtration studies indicate that the molecular weight of this factor is between 60 and 80 kd. This factor appears to be distinct from known immunologically active cytokines. It is conceivable that deficiencies of this cytokine may be relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases or graft-versus-host reactions.

A DNA sequence conferring high postmeiotic segregation frequency to heterozygous deletions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is related to sequences associated with eucaryotic recombination hotspots.

The meiotic behavior of two graded series of deletion mutations in the ADE8 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed to investigate the molecular basis of meiotic recombination. Postmeiotic segregation (PMS) was observed for a subset of the deletion heterozygosities, including deletions of 38 to 93 base pairs. There was no clear relationship between deletion length and PMS frequency. A common sequence characterized the novel joint region in the alleles which displayed PMS. This sequence is related to repeated sequences recently identified in association with recombination hotspots in the human and mouse genomes. We propose that these particular deletion heterozygosities escape heteroduplex DNA repair because of fortuitous homology to a binding site for a protein.