Development of a novel UPLC approach to co-prediction of four active compounds in a multi-component pharmaceutical preparation.

In this work, a new ultra-performance liquid chromatography method based on photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA) was first developed for the quantitative analysis of the quaternary mixture of ascorbic acid (AA), paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPA) in a commercial dosage form. The developed UPLC-PDA method offered a new possibility for the co-determination of four active ingredients in a drug combination with short run time and simple sample preparation. The successful chromatographic separation of the four drugs was performed using a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 µm 2.1 × 100 mm) (Mildford, USA) and a mobile phase consisting of water (12 %), acetonitrile (13 %) and 0.1 M H3PO4 (75 %) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The validation of the proposed UPLC-PDA approach was verified by analyzing synthetic mixtures, inter- and intra-day experiments, and commercial powder samples and provided satisfactory results.

Three-dimensional strategies in the quantitative resolution of kinetic UV absorbance measurements for monitoring the oxidation of quercetin by oxidant agents and analyzing dietary supplement product.

Three-dimensional strategies involving the application of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to the kinetic UV absorbance measurements were elaborated to monitor the oxidation of quercetin with oxidant agents (K2Cr2O7 and KIO3) and to quantify analyte in a dietary supplement product. Loadings (spectral, kinetic and concentration profiles) were obtained by the PARAFAC deconvolution. Spectral identification, kinetics and quantification of the relevant analyte in the presence of interferent(s) were performed. The elaborated chemometric strategies were carefully validated to demonstrate the capability of the method. Assay results of the PARAFAC strategies were statistically compared to that of the newly developed UPLC method.

A multiway spectral analysis model to monitor the kinetic chlorination reaction of caffeine and determine its content in commercial liquid and solid drinks.

A multiway data analysis model, namely parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was proposed to decompose a three-way array of second-order kinetic UV measurements, for the chlorination reaction of caffeine with NaOCl, into a set of the spectra, time, and concentration matrices. The multiway resolution provided the simultaneous estimation of spectral, kinetic, and quantitative analysis of caffeine. The ability of the PARAFAC tool was checked by analyzing the validation samples in the presence of interferences. The added recovery and relative standard deviations for caffeine in the spiked samples were calculated as 99.1%-99.5% and 0.52%-1.34% for Iced Coffee Black liquid coffee (ICB), 99.5%-103.0% and 0.42%-1.03% for Jacobs Monarch Gold 100% Instant Coffee (JMG) and 99.5%-101.4% and 0.11%-0.13% for Çaykur Black Filter (Süzen) Bag Tea (BTB). Caffeine in commercial drinks was analyzed using the concentration matrices of the PARAFAC application. The PARAFAC results were statistically compared to those obtained by the developed UPLC method.

A New Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Quantification of Vitamin C in Fresh and Dried Goji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) Cultivated in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: The potential background of the study is related to comprehensive detection of the content of vitamin C with an actual chromatographic method. OBJECTIVE: Vitamin C is of vital importance in terms of human life and health due to its polyfunctional activity such as antioxidant activity and antiviral effect with other biological functions. In this regard, it may be necessary to update analytical methods or develop up-to-date analytical methods to accurately estimate the amount of vitamin C in natural samples. In this study, a new ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA) method has been developed for the determination of vitamin C content in fresh and dried goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.), which are cultivated in Turkey. METHOD: The chromatographic elution of vitamin C in natural fruit samples was achieved on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (1.7 µm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm) column using methanol and 0.1 M H3PO4 pH 2.15 (20:80, v/v), which are mobile phase. UPLC determination was done at the 242.8 nm. Flow rate was 0.20 mL/min at a column temperature of 30°C. Linearity range of the calibration graph was found to be at 5-30 µg/mL. The validity of the newly developed UPLC method was tested by analyzing individual test samples and added samples. RESULTS: Applicability of the validated UPLC method was verified by the quantitative analysis of vitamin C content in both fresh and dried goji berries. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the newly developed and validated UPLC method would be a useful and promising approach for simple quantitative analysis of goji berry samples for vitamin C. HIGHLIGHTS: In previous studies, no UPLC-PDA method was reported for the analysis of vitamin C in goji berries. The method provided a good repeatability for the analysis of real samples.

Multiway resolution of spectrochromatographic measurements for the quantification of echinuline in marine-derived fungi Aspergillus chevalieri using parallel factor analysis.

A multiway resolution of incomplete chromatographic separation was presented for spectrochromatographic quantification of echinuline in marine-derived fungi Aspergillus chevalieri. Two-dimensional spectrochromatographic maps of calibration, validation and real samples were recorded as a function of time and wavelength using UPLC-PDA instrument under non-optimized chromatographic conditions, which gave rise to co-elution of echinuline and the constituents of sample matrix. A three-way array was obtained by concatenating the data matrices of the spectrochromatographic maps. Then, parallel factor analysis was applied to the multiway array to extract the individual contribution of echinuline in three modes (time, wavelength and sample). While time and wavelength profiles were used for the characterization of echinuline, the sample profile was used for its quantitative determination of the analyte in validation set and in real samples. Validity of the analytical method was evaluated by analyzing the validation set, which consist of test samples, standard addition samples, intra-day and inter-day samples. The proposed multiway analysis method was then applied to marine-derived fungi extracts and echinuline content was found to be 31.9 µg/g based on the average of ten assay results. The assay results provided by PARAFAC model were statistically compared with those obtained by a newly developed classical UPLC method, which ensured the complete separation of echinuline in a run time of nine minutes. The assay results were found to be comparable due to the fact that there was no significant difference between the analysis results (F = 1.63, Fcrit = 3.17; t = 0.69, tcrit = 2.11) at the significance level of 95%). Consequently, the PARAFAC method permitted the accurate determination of echinuline in fungal extracts despite the partial chromatographic separation with a run time of only three minutes.

A Chemometric Strategy in the Development of a RP-UPLC Method for the Quantitative Resolution of a Two-Component Syrup Formulation.

A novel chemometric strategy was implemented in the development of a new ultraperformance liquid chromatography method for the quantitative estimation of guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in a two-component syrup formulation with minimal experimental effort, time and reagent. A full factorial design with three factors was investigated to find optimal working conditions of chromatographic factors (column temperature, flow rate, and 0.1 M H3PO4% in mobile phase) that affect the chromatographic separation. Then, optimum experimental conditions providing adequate separation of the analyzed drug substances within the short runtime were determined. Under optimal experimental conditions, the retention times for guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride were obtained as 0.817 and 1.430 min, respectively. In the optimized RP-UPLC method, chromatographic response was reported as a linear function of concentration between 5.0 and 80.0 µg/mL for guaifenesin and 10.0-90.0 µg/mL for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The proposed method was carefully validated and successfully applied to quality control and analysis of a cough syrup preparation containing guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Consequently, the proposed reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography method provided an opportunity to quantify relevant drugs with small amount of reagents and short runtime.

A novel strategy on the spectrochromatographic analysis of a quaternary mixture by parallel factor analysis model.

Poor chromatographic resolution is one of the main challenges in chromatographic analysis. Partially separated chromatographic peaks frequently occur, due to the nature of analytes and the demand for fast analysis using high flow rates and shorter columns. Modeling of chromatographic three-way data using suitable chemometric tools enables determining co-eluted peaks without using additional experimental efforts. In this paper, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to chromatographic data for the quantitative resolution of a quaternary mixture at the co-elution condition of acetaminophen, aspirin, ascorbic acid, and guaifenesin in a spectrochromatogram. The spectrochromatograms of the calibration set, validation set, and real samples were arranged as a three-way array. In the next step, the PARAFAC model was implemented to decompose the spectrochromatographic array into trilinear components, corresponding to spectral, chromatographic, and relative concentration profiles of the analytes. The chromatographic and spectral modes were used for the qualitative analysis of components, whereas the analytes in commercial tablets were quantified from their individual profiles in their concentration mode. This study indicated that the application of the PARAFAC model provided a novel strategy for determining overlapping peaks in a chromatogram to perform the analysis of multicomponent mixtures with reduced runtime and without additional efforts.

A New Application of PARAFAC Model to UPLC Dataset for the Quantitative Resolution of a Tri-Component Drug Mixture.

In the presented work, a three-way analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) dataset was performed by parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) for quantitatively resolving a ternary mixture containing paracetamol and methocarbamol with indapamide selected as an internal standard in their co-eluted chromatographic conditions. Paracetamol and methocarbamol were quantified in the working range between 3-24 and 5-50 µg/mL by applying PARAFAC decomposition to UPLC-PDA data array obtained under unresolved chromatographic peak conditions. To compare the experimental results provided by co-eluted UPLC-PARAFAC method, an ordinary UPLC method was developed ensuring proper separation of the peaks. The performance of both PARAFAC and ordinary UPLC methods were assessed by quantifying independent test samples, intra- and inter-day samples and spiked samples of pharmaceutical preparations. Then, both methods were applied for quantitative estimation of the related drugs in a commercial pharmaceutical preparation. In this study, PARAFAC method was proved to be a very powerful alternative for the quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing paracetamol and methocarbamol even in their co-eluted chromatograms with high precision and accuracy in a short chromatographic runtime of 1.2 min.

Three-way analysis-based pH-UV-Vis spectroscopy for quantifying allura red in an energy drink and determining colorant's pKa.

Three-way analysis-based pH-UV-Vis spectroscopy was proposed for quantifying allura red in an energy drink product without the need for chromatographic analysis, and determining the colorant's pKa without using any titration technique. In this study, UV-Vis spectroscopic data matrices were obtained from absorbance measurements at five different pH levels from pH 8 to pH 12 and arranged as a three-way array (wavelength × sample × pH). In the three-way analysis procedure, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was implemented to decompose the three-way array into a set of trilinear components. Each set of three components relates to spectral, pH and relative concentration profiles of allura red and sample matrix in the energy drink. First, UV-Vis spectra of the colorant's acid-base pair and sample's matrix were characterized by using the estimated spectral profile. Then, from the pH profile the pKa value was found to be 11.28 for the related colorant. Finally, allura red in energy drink samples was determined using the estimated concentration curve in the relative concentration profile. In the quantitation procedure, the working concentration range was 0.8-19.2 µg/mL. PARAFAC approach was tested in terms of selectivity, precision, and accuracy of the method. Added recovery results obtained by applying the proposed method to spiked samples were between 101.5% and 103.5%. In the application of the method to the analysis of real samples, successful results were reported. For a comparison, an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the quantitation of the colorant. Compared to the chromatographic method, we observed that PARAFAC model was simple and less expensive without requiring separation.

PARAFAC and MCR-ALS approaches to the pKa determination of benzoic acid and its derivatives.

In general, the identification of biological activities of a molecule requires the observation of its physicochemical characteristics with its molecular interactions in an organism. The acid-base ionization constant (or pKa) is one of the key parameters that shows the physicochemical behaviors of molecules used in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics etc. Therefore, the development of new methods (or approaches) is necessary to get simple, rapid, inexpensive and reliable determination of the acidity constants of active and inactive ingredients used in commercial products. In this paper, new UV spectroscopic methods were developed for the first time, by applying parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to the pH-UV spectral data arrays for determining the pKa values of benzoic acid and its five derivatives (4-fluorobenzoic acid, thiosalicylic acid, anthranilic acid, phthalic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid). The pH profiles obtained by the PARAFAC and MCR-ALS decomposition of the pH-UV data arrays were used for the quantitative estimation of the acid-base ionization constants for the investigated compounds without classical titration procedure. We concluded that the proposed PARAFAC and MCR-ALS provided us an opportunity for simple and rapid pKa determination of relevant compounds, which have functional importance in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Four-way parallel factor analysis of voltammetric four-way dataset for monitoring the etoposide-DNA interaction with its binding constant determination.

In this paper, a novel strategy in the application of the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to a four-way voltammetric dataset was improved to evidence the interaction of etoposide (ETO) and calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to determine the ETO-DNA binding constant. PARAFAC is one of the most commonly used techniques applicable to the decomposition of higher-order data arrays to focus on features of interest and provides a different resolution of the chemical problem of interest. Under optimized conditions, peak current data of a seven-sample set containing DNA in the range of 2.0-90.0 µM in the presence of ETO at a constant concentration (10 µM) at five different pHs were recorded as a function of potential and frequency and then arranged as a four-dimensional array. The characteristic curves of ETO and ETO-DNA complex were monitored from the potential, frequency, pH, and DNA concentration profiles obtained by PARAFAC decomposition of the fourth-order array. The binding constant, which is one of the principal parameters for the estimation of drug-DNA interaction and mechanism, was computed from the DNA concentration profile. The consequence of drug-DNA binding constant (K = 1.26 × 106) indicated that there was a significant interaction between ETO and DNA with the intercalation mechanism.

Three-way analysis of pH-UV absorbance dataset for the determination of paracetamol and its pKa value in presence of excipients.

A three-way analysis method, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model was applied to the pH-absorbance dataset for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and its acid-base dissociation constant in presence of excipient interference in a syrup formulation without using chemical pretreatment or chromatographic separation step. The UV spectroscopic data matrices of calibration set, validation and unknown samples were obtained from the absorbance measurements at the five different pH media, considering conjugate acid/base properties of the related drug. Their pH-absorbance data matrices were arranged as a cubic data array (wavelength x sample x pH) (425x52x5). Three-way array of pH-absorbance dataset was decomposed into a trilinear set of spectral, pH and relative concentration profiles of paracetamol and excipients in the commercial syrup using PARAFAC model. In the PARAFAC implementation, paracetamol in the commercial syrup formulation and its pKa value were simultaneously predicted from the relative concentration and pH profiles, respectively. In the method validation step of this study, the performance of PARAFAC model was checked by analyzing the validation samples in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the method. The determination results of paracetamol and its pKa value provided from PARAFAC application were compared to those obtained by a newly developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method, in terms of simplicity, applicability, interpretability with low cost and short analysis time.

Spectrochromatographic determination of dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate in an ophthalmic solution using three-way analysis methods.

In this study, the simultaneous spectrochromatographic determination of dorzolamide hydrochloride (DOR) and timolol maleate (TMM) in an ophthalmic formulation was performed by applying multiway resolution methods, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and three way partial least squares (3W-PLS) models. In similar manner, unfolded partial least squares (U-PLS) approach was applied to the UPLC analysis of the related drugs. For the three-way resolutions, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (UPLC-PDA) data array of the calibration samples and others (validation and commercial samples) containing the analyzed drugs (DOR and TMM) and thiamine hydrochloride as an internal standard (IS) was decomposed into triads or trilinear components. These three different calibration models were employed for the spectrochromatographic resolution of a commercial ophthalmic formulation of DOR and TMM and then successful quantitation results were obtained. Analysis results provided by applying three-way and two-way resolutions were statistically compared to those obtained by the newly developed standard UPLC approach. It was observed that the proposed methods gave comparable determination results for analysis of the DOR-TMM ophthalmic formulation.

Wavelet Transform-Based UV Spectroscopy for Pharmaceutical Analysis.

In research and development laboratories, chemical or pharmaceutical analysis has been carried out by evaluating sample signals obtained from instruments. However, the qualitative and quantitative determination based on raw signals may not be always possible due to sample complexity. In such cases, there is a need for powerful signal processing methodologies that can effectively process raw signals to get correct results. Wavelet transform is one of the most indispensable and popular signal processing methods currently used for noise removal, background correction, differentiation, data smoothing and filtering, data compression and separation of overlapping signals etc. This review article describes the theoretical aspects of wavelet transform (i.e., discrete, continuous and fractional) and its characteristic applications in UV spectroscopic analysis of pharmaceuticals.

Simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and caffeine in commercial soft drinks using reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography.

A new reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography method with a photodiode array detector was developed for the quantification of ascorbic acid (AA) and caffeine (CAF) in 11 different commercial drinks consisting of one energy drink and 10 ice tea drinks. Separation of the analyzed AA and CAF with an internal standard, caffeic acid, was performed on a Waters BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm i.d.), using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.2M H3PO4 (11:89, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min and an injection volume of 1.0 µL. Calibration graphs for AA and CAF were computed from the peak area ratio of AA/internal standard and CAF/internal standard detected at 244.0 nm and 273.6 nm, respectively. The developed reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography method was validated by analyzing standard addition samples. The proposed reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography method gave us successful results for the quantitative analysis of commercial drinks containing AA and CAF substances.

Multiway analysis methods applied to the fluorescence excitation-emission dataset for the simultaneous quantification of valsartan and amlodipine in tablets.

In this study, excitation-emission matrix datasets, which have strong overlapping bands, were processed by using four different chemometric calibration algorithms consisting of parallel factor analysis, Tucker3, three-way partial least squares and unfolded partial least squares for the simultaneous quantitative estimation of valsartan and amlodipine besylate in tablets. In analyses, preliminary separation step was not used before the application of parallel factor analysis Tucker3, three-way partial least squares and unfolded partial least squares approaches for the analysis of the related drug substances in samples. Three-way excitation-emission matrix data array was obtained by concatenating excitation-emission matrices of the calibration set, validation set, and commercial tablet samples. The excitation-emission matrix data array was used to get parallel factor analysis, Tucker3, three-way partial least squares and unfolded partial least squares calibrations and to predict the amounts of valsartan and amlodipine besylate in samples. For all the methods, calibration and prediction of valsartan and amlodipine besylate were performed in the working concentration ranges of 0.25-4.50µg/mL. The validity and the performance of all the proposed methods were checked by using the validation parameters. From the analysis results, it was concluded that the described two-way and three-way algorithmic methods were very useful for the simultaneous quantitative resolution and routine analysis of the related drug substances in marketed samples.

A New UPLC Method with Chemometric Design-Optimization Approach for the Simultaneous Quantitation of Brimonidine Tartrate and Timolol Maleate in an Eye Drop Preparation.

A new ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with photodiode array was proposed for the quantitation of Brimonidine Tartrate (BRI) and Timolol Maleate (TIM) in eye drop using experimental design and optimization methodology. A 33 full factorial design was applied to uncover the effects of the selected factors and their interactions on the chromatographic response function for the optimization of experimental conditions in the development of a new UPLC method. As a result, the optimal chromatographic conditions giving a better separation and short analysis time were found to be 49.2°C for column temperature; 0.38 mL/min for flow rate and 56.7 % (v/v) for 0.1 M CH3COOH used in mobile phase. The elution of BRI and TIM was reported as 0.508 and 0.652 min within a short runtime of 1.5 min, respectively. Calibration graphs for BRI and TIM were obtained by the regression of the concentration on the peak area, which was detected at 246 and 298 nm, respectively. The method validation was performed by the analysis of the synthetic mixtures, intra-day and inter-day samples and standard addition samples. This study shows that the optimized and validated UPLC method is very promising and available for the quantification of BRI and TIM in an eye drop formulation.

Continuous wavelet transform methods for the simultaneous determinations and dissolution profiles of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets

ABSTRACT Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was proposed for the simultaneous determination and dissolution profiles of valsartan (VAL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in tablets, without the use of a chemical separation procedure. The CWT approach was applied to the original UV spectra and their ratio spectra in the optimal wavelength ranges. After testing several wavelet families, Mexican hat function-CWT and Daubechies7-CWT (mexh-CWT and db7-CWT, respectively) were found to be suitable for the transformation of the original UV spectra. In the following procedure, mexh-CWT and Coiflets3-CWT (coif3-CWT) were found to be appropriate for the signal analysis of ratio spectra (RS) of VAL/HCT and HCT/VAL. Calibration graphs for VAL and HCT were obtained by measuring db7-CWT and mexh-CWT amplitudes in the transformation of the original absorption spectra and RS-coif-CWT and RS-mexh-CWT amplitudes in the transformation of the ratio spectra. The validity and applicability of the proposed CWT methods were evaluated through the analysis of an independent set of synthetic binary mixtures consisting of VAL and HCT. The proposed signal processing methods were then successfully applied to the simultaneous quantitative evaluation and simultaneous dissolution profiles of the related drugs in commercial tablets, with good agreement reported for the experimental results.

Two-way and three-way approaches to ultra high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array dataset for the quantitative resolution of a two-component mixture containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole.

Two-way and three-way calibration models were applied to ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array data with coeluted peaks in the same wavelength and time regions for the simultaneous quantitation of ciprofloxacin and ornidazole in tablets. The chromatographic data cube (tensor) was obtained by recording chromatographic spectra of the standard and sample solutions containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole with sulfadiazine as an internal standard as a function of time and wavelength. Parallel factor analysis and trilinear partial least squares were used as three-way calibrations for the decomposition of the tensor, whereas three-way unfolded partial least squares was applied as a two-way calibration to the unfolded dataset obtained from the data array of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The validity and ability of two-way and three-way analysis methods were tested by analyzing validation samples: synthetic mixture, interday and intraday samples, and standard addition samples. Results obtained from two-way and three-way calibrations were compared to those provided by traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography. The proposed methods, parallel factor analysis, trilinear partial least squares, unfolded partial least squares, and traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography were successfully applied to the quantitative estimation of the solid dosage form containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole.

Three-way analysis of the UPLC-PDA dataset for the multicomponent quantitation of hydrochlorothiazide and olmesartan medoxomil in tablets by parallel factor analysis and three-way partial least squares.

An application of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and three-way partial least squares (3W-PLS1) regression models to ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA) data with co-eluted peaks in the same wavelength and time regions was described for the multicomponent quantitation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) in tablets. Three-way dataset of HCT and OLM in their binary mixtures containing telmisartan (IS) as an internal standard was recorded with a UPLC-PDA instrument. Firstly, the PARAFAC algorithm was applied for the decomposition of three-way UPLC-PDA data into the chromatographic, spectral and concentration profiles to quantify the concerned compounds. Secondly, 3W-PLS1 approach was subjected to the decomposition of a tensor consisting of three-way UPLC-PDA data into a set of triads to build 3W-PLS1 regression for the analysis of the same compounds in samples. For the proposed three-way analysis methods in the regression and prediction steps, the applicability and validity of PARAFAC and 3W-PLS1 models were checked by analyzing the synthetic mixture samples, inter-day and intra-day samples, and standard addition samples containing HCT and OLM. Two different three-way analysis methods, PARAFAC and 3W-PLS1, were successfully applied to the quantitative estimation of the solid dosage form containing HCT and OLM. Regression and prediction results provided from three-way analysis were compared with those obtained by traditional UPLC method.