The interview with Robert Koch held by Huseyin Hulki and the Ottoman delegation on tuberculin therapy.

Robert Koch (1843-1910), who was one of the significant representatives of the golden age of microbiology, claimed to have discovered the tuberculin/vaccine therapy in 1890. During that era, the Ottoman Empire closely followed the important developments in the field of microbiology. For this reason, it was decided that a delegation should have been sent to Germany to observe the lecture "On Bacteriological Research" to be delivered by Koch on August 3, 1890 during the 10th International Congress of Medicine to be held in Berlin. The delegation travelled to Germany and carried out observations and met Koch in the meanwhile. Among the delegation sent to Berlin there was also Dr. Huseyin Hulki Bey, who graduated from the Military School of Medicine in 1885, and could speak French, Greek, Farsi and Arabic. One of the young professors of the medical school, Dr. H. Hulki gathered his memories on the trip to Berlin in a book after his return. In his book published under the title Berlin Memories (1892), he related the interview they held with Koch, the various medical centres they visited in Berlin, and the physicians they met there. This study aims to provide knowledge on the interview held with Koch in Berlin, and its reflections on the Ottoman medicine, in the light of Dr. H. Hulki's memories and other sources shedding light on the relations between Germany and Turkey in the 1890s.

History of Spine Deformity in Turkey.

Spine deformities are among the most important spinal disorders, affecting health-related life quality. Although there are some studies in past centuries, most spine deformity-related studies and research has started in the last century. Many surgical techniques, performed between 1960 and 1990, made scoliosis a touchable pathology. These techniques started with Harrington"s system, wiring techniques, pedicle screw techniques, and all other universal techniques. Anterior and 360 degree techniques contributed to this process. The use of spinal osteotomies, and recent technologies such as magnetic rods, intraoperative neuromonitoring added much to the body of knowledge of literature and improved the outcome. Advancement has not been limited to surgery only and diagnostic advancements had also impact to this process. Surgical techniques performed in the west have been performed soon in our countries. Currently almost all surgical techniques for treatment of spine deformities can be performed in our country. This article reviews historical aspects related to the diagnosis and treatment of spine deformities in Turkey.

A glimpse into the process of gaining permission for the educational dissection of human cadavers in the Ottoman Empire.

Dissection of the human body for educational purposes became officially permitted in the Ottoman Empire only after a long, difficult process. In the West, studies based on the findings of Galen had been taboo during a long period in which dissection of human bodies had been prohibited. Although the first dissection studies since ancient times began to appear in the Western literature in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the post-Galen taboo against dissection was broken only in the 16th century by the studies of Vesalius. However, in the Eastern World, it was only fairly recently that the idea of the "sanctity of the human body" could be challenged. In the medieval Islamic world, as during the Middle Ages in the West, prohibitions against the dissection of human cadavers continued for social and religious reasons, although the Koran does not specifically ban such dissection. This prohibition also continued through the Ottoman era, which began in the 14th century. The first efforts to end the prohibition on dissection in the Ottoman Empire were made at the beginning of the 19th century during the reign of Sultan Selim III but official permission for dissection was given only in 1841 during the reign of Sultan Abdulmecid. Educational dissections in the Ottoman Empire officially began at the Istanbul Medical School following the granting of this permission. This article will discuss the attempts to end the prohibition of dissection in Ottomans within the scope of the history of anatomical study in Turkey.

[DR. CELAL MUHTAR OZDEN (1865-1947) AND THE MEMOIRS ABOUT HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIETY OF HILAL-I AHMER].

[In this study, dermatologist Dr. Celal Muhtar Ozden's short biography will be given along with his contributions to the Society of Hilal-I Ahmer summarized from his own memories].

Florence Nightingale: light to illuminate the world from the woman with the lantern.

The Ottoman-Russian war of 1853 to 1855 was significant not only as a war, but also in response to a reflex from the West brought with itself novel approaches related to care of patients under severe health conditions. Florence Nightingale and her associates assigned at that time to care for soldiers in Istanbul who were severely ailing as a result of battle conditions were instrumental in the emergence of a hitherto unknown profession. This article examines the progress of events in the London-Istanbul axis that led to this development.

Celalettin Muhtar Ozden (1865-1947): his life, works and contributions to the study of dermatophytes.

BACKGROUND: Most of the distinctive studies concerning dermatophyte infections were carried out at the end of the 19(th) century. One of the contributors of these studies was the Turkish dermatologist Dr. Celalettin Muhtar Ozden. The aim of this study was to introduce his life, works, and contributions to dermatology. METHODS: Dr. Ozden's original works and published memories about him were evaluated. RESULTS: After graduating from the Military Medical School he was sent to Paris to carry out his studies on skin and syphilitic diseases in 1889 by the School. During his practice in Dr. A. Fournier's dermatological clinic at St. Louis Hospital (1889-1892), he diagnosed cases of trichophytosis that affects hands and feet. He published his findings collectively, in which, he presented information regarding the distinctive diagnosis and treatment of the disease, through a series of 25 cases, 18 of which were observed by himself in 1892. After returning to his homeland, Dr. Ozden trained many medical students through the last years of the Ottoman Empire to the first years of the Republic of Turkey. CONCLUSION: His publication dated 1892 is characterized by being the first detailed work on dermatophyte infections affecting hands and feet. Today, he is well known by dermatologists in Turkey and his name has been immortalized through the term, the 'Celal Muhtar's disease.' It is important that this famous Turkish physician should keep his rightful place in the medical history of the world as well.

The history of psychosurgery in Turkey.

The modern age of psychosurgery can be said to have started with Moniz and Lima. Freeman and Watts subsequently revised and popularised the lobotomy procedure. Moniz shared the 1949 Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses, which accelerated the worldwide popularisation of lobotomy, particularly during the years from 1948 to 1953. In Turkey, psychosurgical interventions were first performed in the early 1950s, and were applied in almost 400 cases. These operations gradually ceased after the discovery and worldwide clinic applications of a modern antipsychotic drug named Chlorpromazine in 1950s, paralleling a similar trend in other countries. Our paper reviews the clinical, psychometric and histopathological results of psychosurgery performed in Turkey in the 1950s.

First colored illustration and detailed description of hermaphroditism by a Turkish surgeon, Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu, in the 15th century.

Cerrahiyyetü'l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery), written by the surgeon Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu in the 15 century, is the first illustrated surgical book in Turkish-Islamic literature containing human figures. Sabuncuoglu had begun a new era by demonstrating for the first time the application of many surgical methods on human beings, with illustrations in the style of miniatures in his handwritten work. This was a first in medical history, and, owing to this property, Sabuncuoglu's book was one of the most important original works of that period. In this study in which we aim to examine Sabuncuoglu's surgical book, in particular with regard to the disease of hermaphroditism, we first demonstrated the historical development of the subject through general sources. From sources concerning Sabuncuoglu, we gathered information on his life and works. Then, examining the information on hermaphroditism in Sabuncuoglu's work, we discussed this information in light of our current knowledge.

On the report of the first successful surgical treatment of brain abscess in the Ottoman Empire by Dr. Cemil Topuzlu in 1891.

IN 1891, Dr. Cemil Topuzlu operated on a brain abscess that originated as a complication of a depression fracture of the cranial inner table. The patient presented with Jacksonian seizures on his left side after a sharp trauma resulting in a 15 cm-long scalp laceration and underlying linear cranial fracture in the right parietal bone. Dr. Topuzlu attributed Jacksonian epilepsy to the fracture irritating the motor area in the right hemisphere and attempted a craniotomy based on his measurements to localize the Rolandic fissure. The operation was complicated by a brain abscess, and Dr. Topuzlu reoperated to drain the abscess. He successfully treated the brain abscess and Jacksonian seizures and then presented this case in the Royal Society of Medicine of the Ottoman Empire and in the International Surgery Congress in Lyon in 1894. The case report was published in his surgery book in 1905. The case was not only the first case of brain abscess to be treated successfully with surgical intervention in the Ottoman Empire, it was also one of the first cases of neurological surgery performed using contemporary anesthesiological and surgical techniques, which reveals the importance of neurological examination and cerebral localization techniques in the era before x-rays. Dr. Topuzlu was the founder of modern surgery in the Ottoman Empire and deserves to be credited for his novel applications in the 19th century.

The introduction of variolation 'A La Turca' to the West by Lady Mary Montagu and Turkey's contribution to this.

AIMS: This study deals with the history of variolation as the oldest immunization method to be transferred from East to West, with emphasis on Turkey's role in this transmission. SCOPE: The technique of variolation was used by various ancient civilizations such as those in India, Tibet and many other parts of Asia. It was based on the subcutaneous inoculation of attenuated pustule material in patients. The method was brought to Anatolia by the Seljuks through the Caucasus and was widely used by the Ottomans for a long period of time. The West learned of this method for the first time mainly through the writings of Dr. Timoni and Lady Mary W. Montagu in the 18th century. Lady Montagu not only wrote letters explaining this method, but also worked actively to introduce it in Europe. CONCLUSION: Since variolation carried the risk of infection, it was replaced by a safer method called vaccination discovered by Jenner (1789), which led to the eradication of smallpox from the world. Despite the fact that vaccination ultimately superseded variolation in Western medical practice, Turkey played a key role as a bridge between civilizations in the transfer of this earlier treatment method to the West.

Friedrich Dessauer's (1881-1963) contributions to the development of radiotherapy in Turkey.

Famous physicist Friedrich Dessauer carried out innovative studies in the field of radiotherapy in Turkey where he took refuge escaping from the political situation in Germany before the Second World War. The paper deals with Dessauer's works for the establishment of a radiotherapy institute in Turkey and his contributions to this field.

Süleymaniye Külliyesi: a historically important medical, scientific, and cultural center.

SCIENCE HAS MANY Western and Eastern historical roots. All of these contributed to the body of academic literature. One of the most important aspects of scientific progress is educational institutions, including hospitals, schools, and libraries. Some of these institutions may offer an identity for a city, as well as contribute to its development. Süleymaniye Külliyesi is one such institution. Süleymaniye Külliyesi, established in the 16th century, contains many centers, including a mosque, surrounded by a hospital, school of medicine, central pharmacy, and library. It once served both the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. The school of medicine of this complex was the first school of medicine in the Ottoman period that functioned in coordination with the hospital and central pharmacy. The library contains many rare books and manuscripts. Currently, it is one of the richest centers in the field of oriental studies. We conclude that Süleymaniye Külliyesi, with its health-related elements and library, contributed to the development and progress of science and deserves to be cited in the literature of the Western world.

[Journal of Darulfunun School of Medicine (1916-1933)]. / Dârülfünûn tip fakültesi mecmuasi (1916-1933) ve dizini.

In this study one of six academic journals published by Istanbul University, Darülfünun Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi (Journal of Darulfunun School of Medicine), is reviewed. This review study covered all issues of the journal published between 1916 and 1933. Our aim was to determine the publication period of the journal, to determine the published papers and their authors, and as a result, to help the researchers for study in the field of history of medicine. According to our review, 1025 manuscripts were published in 96 issues of Darülfünun Tip Fakültesi Mecmuasi. There are many national and international faculties among the authors of the papers. The content of the journal included many research papers written by Turkish faculties, and translated version of some papers published in important international journals. There are also some manuscripts written in English or French in the period after 1928. All these studies reveal that School of Medicine was aware of the progresses in Europe. The journal was published during the World War I and during social reorganization of Turkey. Most of the authors of the journal tried to present the western scientific development to the physicians and students. This provided an established place for the journal at the scientific field of the time, though it was not published regularly. The journal reflects the approach of the School of Medicine to the scientific progresses. The review of this journal contribute to the school of medicine and university historians, as well as it will be resource for the future studies in the field of history of medicine.

[Dr. Mehmed Emin Fehmi's pioneering medical history work: the Hakayik-i Tababet]. / Dr. Mehmed Emin Fehmi'nin tip tarihi alanindaki oncü eseri: Hakâyik-1 Tabâbet".

Mehmed Emin Fehmi, who graduated in 1866 with the rank of captain from the Ottoman Medical School (Mekteb-i Tibbiye), died in 1871, During his short life, Dr. Fehmi taught physics classes and translated two books, as well as writing two books and several articles himself. Mehmed Emin Fehmi's "Hakayik-1 Tababet [Facts of Medicine], "published for the first time in 1870, was the earliest printed Ottoman Turkish work on the history of medicine. In the Hakayik-1 Tababet, the medical history of the Greek and Roman eras, the duties of physicians and medical care, and the advancement of medicine are examined from a philosophical and critical perspective. In our research we aimed to clarify the importance and significance of the work in medical history by analyzing its physical characteristics and contents, since it is a pioneering work in Turkish medical history among Ottoman medical publications.

["Turkish Anthropology Journal (Türk Antropoloji Mecmuasi)", is it a medicine journal?]. / 'Türk Antropoloji Mecmuasi" tip dergisi midir? Konulu bir tartisma.

Turkish Journal of Anthropology had published between 1925-1939. In this article it is discussed whether this journal would be regarded as a medical journal or not.