Comparative Efficacy of Five SGLT2i on Cardiorenal Events: A Network Meta-analysis Based on Ten CVOTs.

BACKGROUND: The relative efficacy of different sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on cardiorenal outcomes is unclear. METHODS: We included cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i. The eight endpoints of interest were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, cardiovascular death (CVD), CVD or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), HHF, kidney function progression (KFP), and all-cause death (ACD). We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis and calculated the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) probability to rank treatments. RESULTS: We included ten CVOTs involving five SGLT2i. Canagliflozin (hazard ratio [HR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53-0.77), dapagliflozin (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.62-0.79), empagliflozin (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.59-0.78), ertugliflozin (HR 0.70; 95% CI 0.54-0.90), and sotagliflozin (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.56-0.77) versus placebo reduced HHF, whereas none reduced MI and stroke. Empagliflozin reduced CVD or HHF (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67-0.99) and KFP (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.45-0.93), and dapagliflozin reduced KFP (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.52-0.92), versus ertugliflozin. Canagliflozin had the greatest SUCRA values for the reduction of MACE, stroke, and HHF, whereas empagliflozin had the greatest SUCRA values for the reduction of MI, CVD, CVD or HHF, KFP, and ACD. CONCLUSIONS: Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and sotagliflozin versus placebo reduce HHF but none reduces MI and stroke. Canagliflozin is most effective in reducing MACE and HHF, and empagliflozin is most effective in reducing CVD, CVD or HHF, KFP, and ACD. These findings will guide the use of specific SGLT2i in the prevention of different cardiorenal events.

Gliflozins for the prevention of stroke in diabetes and cardiorenal diseases: A meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials.

BACKGROUND: Individual randomized trials are not powered to assess the relationship between use of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors and risk of stroke. We sought to explore this issue by a meta-analysis incorporating relevant trials including several latest trials. METHODS: Cardiovascular outcome trials of gliflozins were included. Primary outcome was stroke, while secondary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which was a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular death. Meta-analysis was conducted stratified by with/without chronic kidney disease (CKD), with/without heart failure (HF), and with/without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and stratified by different gliflozins. RESULTS: We included 9 trials in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, gliflozins significantly lowered stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55-0.84) and MACE (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69-0.86) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with CKD, but did not significantly affect stroke (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.86-1.16) and MACE (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.86-1.02) in T2D patients without CKD. Gliflozins had no significant effects on the stroke risk (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.82-1.07) in T2D patients regardless of HF status (Psubgroup = .684) and ASCVD status (Psubgroup = .915), but significantly lowered MACE (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.96) in T2D patients regardless of HF status (Psubgroup = .428) and ASCVD status (Psubgroup = .423). Canagliflozin (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.69-1.01) showed the trend of a reduction in the stroke risk versus placebo, and sotagliflozin (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54-0.98) significantly lowered the stroke risk; whereas the other 3 gliflozins did not significantly affect that risk. Ertugliflozin (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.85-1.11) had no significant effects on the MACE risk, whereas the other 4 gliflozins significantly lowered that risk. CONCLUSIONS: Gliflozins, especially canagliflozin and sotagliflozin, should be recommended in T2D patients with CKD to prevent stroke. Most gliflozins lower the risk of MACE in T2D patients regardless of HF status and ASCVD status, whereas ertugliflozin is not observed to lower that risk.

Meta-Analysis on the Safety and Cardiorenal Efficacy of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients Without T2DM.

The cardiorenal benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are established, whereas those in patients without T2DM are not established. We sought to assess the cardiorenal efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in non-T2DM patients by performing a meta-analysis based on the subgroup data of non-T2DM patients from relevant secondary analysis articles in which subgroup analyses were done according to the status of diabetes. Compared to placebo, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced heart failure hospitalization [risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59-0.83] and kidney-specific composite outcome (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40-0.75) and increased Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total score by 1.15 (95% CI 1.05-1.25) in patients without T2DM with heart failure (HF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD), whereas gliflozins did not significantly affect cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, volume depletion, fracture, and amputation in this vulnerable population. There was no event of major hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis observed in the non-T2DM subgroup in included trials. These findings will further prompt gliflozins to be used for the prevention of HF and renal failure events and for the improvement of life quality in patients without T2DM with HF or CKD.

Factors affecting the efficacy of SGLT2is on heart failure events: a meta-analysis based on cardiovascular outcome trials.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) on heart failure outcomes is unestablished in various subgroups defined by clinically important factors. We intended to evaluate the effects of six important factors on the efficacy of SGLT2is on heart failure outcomes. METHODS: We included cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) concerning SGLT2is. We assessed the heart failure composite outcome of cardiovascular death (CVD) or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). Meta-analysis was conducted stratified by the following 6 factors: type of underlying diseases, type of SGLT2is, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) level, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, region, and race. RESULTS: Ten CVOTs were included. Compared with placebo, SGLT2is reduced heart failure composite outcome by 25% [hazard ratio (HR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.72-0.78] independent of type of underlying diseases, type of SGLT2is, LVEF level, and region (Psubgroup: 0.673, 0.244, 0.429, and 0.127, respectively). SGLT2is led to greater reduction in the composite outcome in patients with NYHA class II (HR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.59-0.74) than in patients with NYHA class III or IV (HR 0.86, 95% CI, 0.75-0.99; Psubgroup=0.004), and in Black (HR 0.63, 95% CI, 0.49-0.82) and Asian (HR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.53-0.77) patients than in White patients (HR 0.81, 95% CI, 0.76-0.86; Psubgroup=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2is reduce heart failure composite outcome by 25% independent of type of underlying diseases, type of SGLT2is, LVEF level, and region. SGLT2is lead to greater reduction in the composite outcome in patients with NYHA class II than in patients with NYHA class III or IV, and in Black and Asian patients than in White patients. KEYWORDS: Sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is); heart failure; chronic kidney disease (CKD); type 2 diabetes.

Comprehensive analysis of the safety of semaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the SUSTAIN and PIONEER trials.

The PIONEER and SUSTAIN serial trials are designed to assess the efficacy outcomes with semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes, but are not powered to assess various safety outcomes. We sought to assess the risk of semaglutide in leading to various serious adverse events (SAEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies eligible for inclusion were the PIONEER and SUSTAIN trials of semaglutide. We conducted meta-analysis to generate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analysis was performed using both random-effects and fixed-effects model to evaluate the robustness of pooled results. We implemented subgroup analysis according to drug dosages and routes of administration and type of comparators. Twenty-one trials were included. Semaglutide versus control significantly reduced total SAEs (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.97; I2 = 0) and atrial fibrillation (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.95; I2 = 0), but significantly increased deep vein thrombosis (RR 3.66, 95% CI 1.09-12.25; I2 = 0) and diarrhoea (RR 2.66, 95% CI 1.19-5.95; I2 = 0). Semaglutide had no significant effects on 248 other kinds of SAEs. No statistically significant subgroup effects were observed. Semaglutide has a good safety profile in general and reduces atrial fibrillation by 31%, but increases diarrhoea by 166% and deep vein thrombosis by 266%. These findings may guide that semaglutide should be preferred or avoided in T2D patients with specific susceptibility factors.

Safety of four SGLT2 inhibitors in three chronic diseases: A meta-analysis of large randomized trials of SGLT2 inhibitors.

There are no relevant meta-analyses that have assessed the safety of the sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in different chronic diseases. We aimed at evaluating the safety of four SGLT2 inhibitors in three chronic diseases by meta-analysis of the large randomized trials of SGLT2 inhibitors. We performed random-effects meta-analysis and carried out subgroup analysis according to type of underlying diseases and type of SGLT2 inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo significantly reduced the risk of acute kidney injury (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66-0.85), and showed the reduced trend in the risk of severe hypoglycemia (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.71-1.03). SGLT2 inhibitors significantly increased the risks of diabetic ketoacidosis (RR 2.57), genital infection (RR 3.75), and volume depletion (RR 1.14); and showed the increased trends in the risks of fracture (RR 1.07), amputation (RR 1.21), and urinary tract infection (RR 1.07). These effects exhibited by SGLT2 inhibitors were consistent across three chronic diseases (i.e. type 2 diabetes, chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) and four SGLT2 inhibitors (i.e. dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and canagliflozin) (all Psubgroup > 0.05). These findings will guide that specific adverse events are monitored when SGLT2 inhibitors are used in clinical practice.

Use of GLP1RAs and occurrence of respiratory disorders: A meta-analysis of large randomized trials of GLP1RAs.

OBJECTIVES: No large sample studies have been designed to evaluate the efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs) in the primary and secondary prevention of respiratory disorders. We aimed at evaluating the relationship between use of GLP1RAs and occurrence of 12 kinds of respiratory disorders. METHODS: Large randomized placebo-controlled trials of GLP1RAs were included. We conducted meta-analysis using random effects model and measured heterogeneity using I2 . Treatment effect was presented as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Seven trials including 55 922 participants were included in meta-analysis. The occurrence rates of various respiratory disorders were low, with the minimum of 0.02% (pulmonary fibrosis) and the maximum of 2.31% (pneumonia). Although not reaching statistical significance, GLP1RAs versus placebo showed the reduced trends in the risks of nine kinds of respiratory disorders including pneumonia (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.78-1.01), squamous cell carcinoma of lung (SCCL; RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.25-1.21), asthma (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.51-1.32), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73-1.10), but the increased trend in interstitial lung disease (ILD; RR 1.89, 95% CI 0.87-4.08). GLP1RAs had neutral effects on two other respiratory disorders. Heterogeneity in any meta-analysis was absent or low. CONCLUSION: GLP1RAs show the reduced trends in the risks of nine kinds of respiratory disorders (eg, pneumonia, SCCL, asthma, and COPD), but the increased trend in the risk of ILD. However, these findings need to be validated by further studies due to the low incidence rates of all the respiratory disorders.

Use of SGLT2 inhibitors and occurrence of noninfectious respiratory disorders: a meta-analysis of large randomized trials of SGLT2 inhibitors.

PURPOSE: The impact of use of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on occurrence of various kinds of respiratory disorders has not been established. We aimed at evaluating the relationship between use of SGLT2 inhibitors and occurrence of 9 kinds of noninfectious respiratory disorders. METHODS: Large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SGLT2 inhibitors were included in this study. We conducted fixed-effects meta-analysis to synthesize risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We did subgroup analysis respectively stratified by type of underlying diseases and type of SGLT2 inhibitors. RESULTS: Nine Large RCTs were included for analysis. Compared with placebo, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the occurrence of overall respiratory disorders (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.91), acute pulmonary oedema (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.88), asthma (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.995), and sleep apnoea syndrome (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-0.99). SGLT2 inhibitors showed the reduced trends in the risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.61-1.02; P = 0.073) and pulmonary hypertension (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16-1.17; P = 0.098). SGLT2 inhibitors had no significant effects on three other respiratory disorders. These effects exhibited by SGLT2 inhibitors were consistent across different underlying diseases (Psubgroup ≥0.209) and different SGLT2 inhibitors (Psubgroup ≥0.192). CONCLUSIONS: SGLT2 inhibitors can significantly reduce the occurrence of acute pulmonary oedema, asthma, and sleep apnoea syndrome; and produce the reduced trends in the risks of COPD and pulmonary hypertension. These findings will prompt further investigation on SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of various respiratory disorders.

Comparison of the effects of 10 GLP-1 RA and SGLT2 inhibitor interventions on cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis of large randomized trials.

The relative efficacy of different sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in reducing cardiorenal events in type 2 diabetic adults is unclear. We searched PubMed and Embase. Three primary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and kidney function progression (KFP). Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We calculated surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) to rank drug treatments. Subcutaneous semaglutide (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96) and albiglutide (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.93) significantly reduced MACE versus lixisenatide. Canagliflozin (HRs: 0.69, 0.68, 0.67 and 0.58) and empagliflozin (HRs: 0.70, 0.69, 0.68 and 0.59) significantly reduced HHF versus dulaglutide, exenatide, lixisenatide and subcutaneous semaglutide. Dapagliflozin (HRs: 0.62, 0.60, 0.68 and 0.63) and empagliflozin (HRs: 0.64, 0.61, 0.69 and 0.64) significantly reduced KFP versus dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide and lixisenatide. Different drug treatments had the maximum SUCRA values as for preventing different cardiorenal endpoints. Different GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors have different efficacy in preventing cardiorenal endpoints in type 2 diabetes, and the most efficacious drugs are different as for preventing different cardiorenal endpoints.

Comparison of the risk of SGLT2is and NonSGLT2is in leading to amputation: A network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) increase the risk of amputation or not remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the relative risk of different SGLT2is and Non-SGLT2i antihyperglycemic drugs (NonSGLT2is) in leading to amputation by network meta-analysis of large sample studies. METHODS: We searched Embase and PubMed for relevant large sample studies. We conducted Bayesian network meta-analysis using random-effects model. Effect size was presented as hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Seventeen large studies involving 1 million SGLT2i users and 3 million NonSGLT2i users were included in network meta-analysis. SGLT2is [HR (95% CI): 1.38 (1.02, 1.91)] versus NonSGLT2is significantly increased the amputation risk, whereas SGLT2is [HR (95% CI): 1.45 (0.94, 2.17)] versus placebo did not. Compared with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), canagliflozin [HR (95% CI): 1.5 (1.01, 2.33)] along with incorporative SGLT2is [HR (95% CI): 1.64 (1.07, 2.53)] significantly increased the amputation risk, whereas empagliflozin [HR (95% CI): 1.46 (0.83, 2.67)] and dapagliflozin [HR (95% CI): 1.22 (0.7, 2.23)] did not due to the wide 95% CIs of HRs. CONCLUSION: Although SGLT2is versus placebo do not significantly increase the amputation risk, SGLT2is (especially, canagliflozin) versus NonSGLT2is (especially, GLP1RAs) significantly increase that risk.

Comparative Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors for Prevention of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes: A Network Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: The comparative efficacy of different glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in type 2 diabetes with or without cardiorenal disease is undefined. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant randomized trials. We conducted network meta-analysis within the Bayesian framework. Effect sizes were measured using hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We calculated surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values to rank drug interventions for different type 2 diabetic subgroups. Albiglutide (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.93) and subcutaneous semaglutide (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.95), with the maximum SUCRA values, significantly reduced MACE versus lixisenatide in people with diabetes with cardiovascular disease; albiglutide (HRs: 0.69 and 0.72), with the maximum SUCRA value, significantly reduced MACE versus dapagliflozin and exenatide in people with diabetes with heart failure; and canagliflozin (HRs: 0.72 and 0.72) and liraglutide (HRs: 0.68 and 0.68), with the maximum SUCRA values, significantly reduced MACE versus exenatide and lixisenatide in people with diabetes with chronic kidney disease. In preventing MACE in type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide and albiglutide are most effective for diabetes with cardiovascular disease, albiglutide is most effective for diabetes with heart failure, and canagliflozin and liraglutide are most effective for diabetes with chronic kidney disease.

GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is Reduce Cardiovascular Events Independent of Reductions of Systolic Blood Pressure and Body Weight: A Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of reduction of systolic blood pressure or body weight on reduction of cardiovascular events during the treatment with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) for type 2 diabetes is unclear. METHODS: We searched Embase and PubMed. We performed meta-analysis using hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as effect size stratified by drug class on six endpoints of interest, which were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), cardiovascular death (CVD), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause death (ACD). We performed meta-regression to assess the difference between GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is, and the impact of reduction of systolic blood pressure or body weight on reduction of cardiovascular events. RESULTS: We included 11 randomized trials. Compared with placebo, SGLT2is reduced HHF by 32% (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.60-0.76) whereas GLP-1RAs reduced HHF by only 9% (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99). The benefit from SGLT2is on HHF was significantly greater than that from GLP-1RAs (Psubgroup = 0.004). GLP-1RAs reduced stroke by 16% (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76-0.93) whereas SGLT2is did not reduce stroke (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82-1.12). GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is similarly reduced MACE by 12%, CVD by 15%, MI by 9%, and ACD by 13%. The effects of systolic blood pressure reduction and body weight reduction on the logarithms of HRs of GLP-1RAs or SGLT2is vs. placebo as for reducing six endpoints of interest were not statistically significant (ß ranged from - 0.145 to 0.269, and P ranged from 0.211 to 0.941). CONCLUSIONS: GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is lead to similar benefits on MACE, CVD, MI, and ACD in adults with type 2 diabetes. The benefit from SGLT2is on HHF is greater than that from GLP-1RAs, while GLP-1RAs vs. placebo significantly reduce stroke whereas SGLT2is do not. The two drug classes reduce cardiovascular events independent of reductions of systolic blood pressure and body weight.