DEFB126 polymorphisms and association with idiopathic asthenozoospermia in China.

Idiopathic asthenozoospermia, a common factor in male infertility, is characterized by altered sperm motility function in fresh ejaculate. Although the ß-defensin 126 (DEFB126) protein is associated with asthenozoospermia, DEFB126 gene polymorphisms have not been extensively studied. Therefore, the association between DEFB126 gene polymorphisms and asthenozoospermia requires further investigation. Screening was performed by semen analysis, karyotype analysis, and Y microdeletion detection, and 102 fertile men and 106 men with asthenozoospermia in Chengdu, China, were selected for DEFB126 gene sequence analyses. Seven nucleotide mutations and two nucleotide deletions in the DEFB126 gene were detected. rs11467417 (317-318 del/del), rs11467497 (163-166 wt/del), c.152T>C, and c.227A>G were significantly different between the control and asthenozoospermia groups, likely representing high-risk genetic factors for asthenozoospermia among males. DEFB126 expression was not observed in sperm with rs11467497 homozygous deletion and was unstable in sperm with rs11467417 homozygous deletion. The rs11467497 four-nucleotide deletion leads to truncation of DEFB126 at the carboxy-terminus, and the rs11467417 binucleotide deletion produces a non-stop messenger RNA (mRNA). The above deletions may be responsible for male hypofertility and infertility by reducing DEFB126 affinity to sperm surfaces. Based on in silico analysis, the amino acids 51M and 76K are located in the highly conserved domain; c.152T>C (M51T) and c.227A>G (K76R) are predicted to be damaging and capable of changing alternative splice, structural and posttranslational modification sites of the RNA, as well as the secondary structure, structural stability, and hydrophobicity of the protein, suggesting that these mutations are associated with asthenozoospermia.

[Influence of Meteorological Factors on HFMD and Construction of Prediction Model in Sichuan Province].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Sichuan Province from 2013 to 2019. To study the correlation between meteorological factors and the incidence of HFMD and construct a prediction model. METHODS: The HMFD surveillance data and meteorological data from 2013 to 2019 in Sichuan Province were collected through the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the China Meteorological data Network. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between HFMD incidence and meteorological factors. Multiple regression model and support vector regression (SVR) model were used to construct HFMD incidence prediction models respectively. RESULTS: A total of 615 840 cases of HFMD and 81 deaths were reported from 2013 to 2019. The average annual incidence rate was 107.31/105, and the mortality rate was 0.16/106. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the monthly incidence rate of HFMD was correlated with monthly average relative humidity (r=0.342), monthly average temperature (r=0.284), monthly average water vapor pressure (r=0.304) and monthly average days of precipitation (r=0.259). The prediction effect of the SVR model (R2=0.836) was better than the multiple regression model (R2=0.375). The SVR model provided a good fit to the monthly incidence of HFMD from 2013 to 2018, and can predict the peak incidence of HFMD in 2019. CONCLUSION: Relative humidity has the greatest influence on the incidence of HFMD. The fitting value of SVR model is in good agreement with the actual value, which is valuable in predicting the incidence of HFMD in Sichuan Province.

[Identification of a Novel Mutation of EPB41 Gene in a Family Affected with Hereditary Elliptocytosis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse potential genetic cause of a family affected with hereditary elliptocytosis （HE）. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples from this HE family were collected. Targeted capture and high-throughput sequencing of 4 813 genetic disease-associated genes was performed in four members of the family. Possible causative genetic variation was obtained and further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Fifty healthy control subjects were recruited for detection of the candidate variation. RESULTS: High-throughput sequencing detected a nonsense mutation c.1215G>A（p.Trp405Ter）in exon 13 of the EPB41 gene in the proband and his mother presenting with moderate anemia. The pathogenicity of this loss-of-function mutation is very strong, because the G→A transition leads to introduce the premature stop codon instead of tryptophan codon at position 405, which producing a truncating protein with loss of important functional domains. This causative mutation is extremely rare in the population, and it has not yet been reported. The grandmother of the proband was heterozygous for the same mutation. Genotype-phenotype cosegregation was observed in this family. This mutation was not found in the 50 unrelated healthy controls. CONCLUSION: The c.1215G>A mutation of the EPB41 gene probably accounts for the disease in this HE family. This study reports a pathogenic EPB41 mutation in a Chinese HE family for the first time.

Altered gene expression profile in a rat model of gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and the potential role of upregulated Ifi44 expression.

As demonstrated by Alport syndrome, the co­occurrence of auditory and urinary system malformations, and gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, the ears and kidneys potentially share certain molecular pathways. In the present study, microarray chips were used to analyze the changes in the gene expression profile using a rat model of gentamicin­induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, using rat liver tissue as a control. A number of genes were identified to exhibit similar expression changes in the rat ears and kidney tissues, among which microtubule­associated protein 44 (Ifi44), was selected for further analysis to validate its expression changes and confirm potential involvement in the inflammation process in the disease model. Ifi44 is a member of the type I interferon­inducible gene family. Reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed; the results demonstrated that more inflammatory cells were present in cochlear and renal parenchyma in gentamycin­induced rats, and Ifi44 expression was increased in these two organs compared with control rats. Taken together, with its role in lupus nephritis and expression in the inner ear, the results suggested that Ifi44 is potentially involved in the inflammation associated with gentamicin­induced ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The approach of the current study has also provided a strategy for delineating common pathways shared by organs involved in specific diseases.

[Idiopathic teratozoospermia is not correlated with c.144delC polymorphism in the AURKC gene in Sichuan].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of a very common mutation of c.144delC in the aurora kinase C (AURKC) gene with idiopathic teratozoospermia in Chinese infertile men in Sichuan. METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing, we analyzed the correlation between c.144delC polymorphism of the AURKC gene and male infertility in 98 idiopathic teratozoospermia patients in comparison with 162 normal fertile men. RESULTS: Neither c.144delC mutation nor other meaningful mutations were detected in the AURKC gene in the 98 idiopathic teratozoospermia patients or the 162 normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: Teratozoospermia is not correlated with c.144delC mutation in the AURKC gene in the men of the Sichuan area. Therefore, large-scale genotyping of the AURKC gene may not be necessary clinically among Chinese patients with idiopathic teratozoospermia.

Association of polymorphisms in PATE1 gene with idiopathic asthenozoospermia in Sichuan, China.

PURPOSE: Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia (AZS) is a common symptom of male infertility described as reduced forward motility or absence of sperm motility. The PATE1 is generally expressed in male genital tract and related to sperm development, maturation and fertilization. However, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PATE1 gene which contribute to AZS were still unknown. For this reason, the possible association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the PATE1 gene and idiopathic asthenozoospermia was investigated in this research. METHODS: 108 idiopathic asthenozoospermia were screened by karyotype analysis, detection of Y microdeletions and mutations in 5 other genes from 140 clinical AZS. The sequence analyses of the PATE1 gene were conducted in 108 idiopathic asthenozoospermia and 106 fertile men with normospermic parameters in Sichuan, China. RESULTS: In this study, a total 108 patients without chromosomal abnormalities, Y microdeletions and selected genes mutation were confirmed. The 1423G (odds ratio [OR] 1.939, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.320-2.848, P=0.001) was found to be increased significantly in idiopathic asthenozoospermic patients compared with their fertile counterparts. This mutation substitutes a highly conserved glutamic to arginine at the position of the 47th amino acid which was shown to be located on the flank of the pleated sheet domain in PATE1 protein by the 3D model given by the Protein Model Portal (PMP). Moreover, PolyPhen-2 analysis predicted that this variant was "probably damaging". CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that PATE1 variant (A1423G) was probably one of the high risk genetic factors for idiopathic asthenozoospermia among males in Sichuan, China.

Association of polymorphisms in tektin-t gene with idiopathic asthenozoospermia in Sichuan, China.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the tektin-t gene and idiopathic asthenozoospermia. METHODS: We conducted sequence analyses of the tektin-t gene in 104 idiopathic asthenozoospermia and 102 fertile men with normospermic parameters in Sichuan, China. RESULTS: In this study, we found that allele 136 T (odds ratio [OR] 1.745, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.146-2.655, P = 0.009) was significantly increased in idiopathic asthenozoospermic patients compared with fertile men. This mutation substitutes a highly conserved arginine at position 46 to cysteine. Moreover, PolyPhen-2 analysis predicted that this variant was "probably damaging". In addition, a novel heterozygous mutation, R207H (c.620G >A), was detected in five asthenozoospermic patients, while there was no detection of this genotype among the fertile candidates, indicating that the mutation was located within a conserved domain predicted by PolyPhen-2 analysis as "probably damaging" to the protein. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that tektin-t variants (Arg/Cys + Cys/Cys) were probably one of the high risk genetic factors for idiopathic asthenozoospermia among males in Sichuan, China, while the R207H polymorphism may be associated with idiopathic asthenozoospermia risk.

Association of polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) with idiopathic azoospermia or oligospermia in Sichuan, China.

The reported effects of the glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) on male factor infertility have been inconsistent and even contradictory. Here, we conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between functionally important polymorphisms in GST genes and idiopathic male infertility. The study group consisted of 361 men with idiopathic azoospermia, 118 men with idiopathic oligospermia, and 234 age-matched healthy fertile male controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood, and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. There was a significant association between the GSTP1 variant genotype (Ile/Val + Val/Val) with idiopathic infertility risk (odds ratio [OR]: 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.11; P = 0.009). Similarly, a higher risk of infertility was noted in individuals carrying a genotype combination of GSTT1-null and GSTP1 (Ile/Val + Val/Val) (OR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.43-3.31; P = 0.0002). These results suggest an increased risk of the GSTP1 variant genotype (Ile/Val + Val/Val) for developing male factor infertility. Our findings also underrate the significance of the effect of GSTM1 and/or GSTT1 (especially the former) in modulating the risk of male infertility in males from Sichuan, Southwest China.

Analysis of CEA expression and EGFR mutation status in non-small cell lung cancers.

BACKGROUND: The serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level can reflect tumor growth, recurrence and metastasis. It has been reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in exons 19 and 21 may have an important relationship with tumor cell sensitivity to EGFR -TKI therapy. In this study, we investigated the clinical value of EGFR mutations and serum CEA in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The presence of mutations in EGFR exons 19 and 21 in the tissue samples of 315 patients with NSCLC was detected with real-time fluorescent PCR technology, while the serum CEA level in cases who had not yet undergone surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy were assessed by electrochemical luminescence. RESULTS: The mutation rates in EGFR exons 19 and 21 were 23.2% and 14.9%, respectively, with the two combined in 3.81%. Measured prior to the start of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted treatment, serum CEA levels were abnormally high in 54.3% of the patients. In those with a serum CEA level <5 ng/mL, the EGFR mutation rate was 18.8%, while with 5~19 ng/mL and ≥ 20 ng/mL, the rates were 36.4% and 62.5%. In addition, in the cohort of patients with the CEA level being 20~49 ng/mL, the EGFR mutation rate was 85.7%, while in those with the CEA level ≥ 50 ng/mL, the EGFR mutation rate was only 20.0%, approximately the same as in cases with the CEA level<5 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation between serum CEA expression level and EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients, namely the EGFR mutation-positive rate increases as the serum CEA expression level rises within a certain range (≥ 20 ng/mL, especially 20~49 ng/mL). If patient samples are not suitable for EGFR mutation testing, or cannot be obtained at all, testing serum CEA levels might be a simple and easy screening method. Hence, for the NSCLC patients with high serum CEA level (≥ 20 ng/mL, especially 20~49 ng/mL), it is worthy of attempting EGFR-TKI treatment, which may achieve better clinical efficacy and quality of life.

[Association between glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and idiopathic azoospermia].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between glutathione-S-transferase gene polymorphisms GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 and onset of azoospermia. METHODS: Multi-PCR was used to detect GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions. Polymorphisms of GSTP1 were determined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 236 azoospermia patients and 142 healthy fertile male controls. RESULTS: The frequency of M1 (-/-) and P1 (Ile/Val or Val/Val) genotype was 24.65% in the control group, which was significantly higher than that of the patient group (15.68%, P=0.031). Frequency of M1 (-/-), T1 (+/+) and P1 (Ile/Val or Val/Val) genotype was 12.68% in the control group, which was significantly higher than that of the patient group (5.51%, P=0.014). CONCLUSION: The M1(-/-) and P1(Ile/Val or Val/Val) genotype and the M1(-/-), T1(+/+) and P1 (Ile/Val or Val/Val) genotype are associated with reduced risk of azoospermia in ethnic Chinese Han population.

[Association study between Y-chromosome haplo group and susceptibility to spermatogenisis impairment in Han People from Southwest China].

Idiopathic azoospermia and oligospermia are one of the most important reasons for male infertility. Abnormal karyotype and azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletion are two widely acknowledged reasons, but the most causes remain unclear. Y chromosome, as the male-specific chromosome, is closely related to the development of male reproductive system. To understand better the etiology of idiopathic azoospermia and oligospermia, we investigated the possible association between Y-haplogroup distributions and susceptibility to idiopathic azoospermia and severe oligospermia. Peripheral blood was collected from 193 men with normal reproductive history, 193 men with idiopathic azoospermia, and 72 men with idiopathic severe oligospermia. All the subjects underwent karyotyping and AZF deletion analysis to screen out those with AZF deletion and abnormal karyotype. The comparison of Y-haplogroup distribution between experimental group and control group was performed with SPSS V.18.0 software. Significant difference of Y-haplogroup distribution was observed in D1*, F*, K*, N1* and O3*(P=0.032, 0.022, 0.009, 0.009, 0.017, <0.05). The results suggest that Y chromosome haplogroup plays a important role in spermatogenic impairment.

[Screening and clinical phenotype analysis of microdeletions of azoospermia factor region on Y chromosome in 1011 infertile men].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and subtypes of microdeletions in azoospermia factor (AZF) region in infertile men from Sichuan in order to correlate genotypes with phenotypes. METHODS: Multiplex-PCR was used to detect sequence tagged sites (STS) of AZF microdeletions in 1011 infertile men including 713 cases of non-obstructive azoospermia and 298 cases of severe oligospermia. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of microdeletions was 10.48% (106/1011), and the deletion rates were 11.08% (79/713) in non-obstructive azoospermia and 9.06% (27/298) in severe oligospermia. Complete AZFa or AZFb deletions were associated with azoospermia, whereas AZFc deletion (60.38%) was the most frequent deletion. The deletions were associated with variable spermatogenic phenotypes, and 37.50% of the patients with a deletion had sperms in the ejaculate. A mild decline in sperm concentration was found in two cases with partial AZFb deletion and one case with partial AZFb-c deletion. CONCLUSION: Deletions of the AZFc region were most commonly found in our patients. All cases with complete AZFa or AZFb deletions and a proportion of cases with AZFc deletion were associated with azoospermia. Our study has provided more insight into the genotype-phenotype correlation, and confirmed that Yq microdeletion screening has a significant value for the diagnosis for male infertility.

Genetic screening for chromosomal abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions in Chinese infertile men.

PURPOSES: To investigate the frequency and type of both chromosomal abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions and analyze their association with defective spermatogenesis in Chinese infertile men. METHODS: This is a single center study. Karyotyping using G-banding and screening for Y chromosome microdeletion by multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)were performed in 200 controls and 1,333 infertile men, including 945 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and 388 patients with severe oligozoospermia. RESULTS: Out of 1,333 infertile patients, 154(11.55%) presented chromosomal abnormalities. Of these, 139 of 945 (14.71%) were from the azoospermic and 15 of 388 (3.87%) from the severe oligozoospermic patient groups. The incidence of sex chromosomal abnormalities in men with azoospermia was 11.53% compared with 1.03% in men with severe oligozoospermia (P < 0.01). Also 144 of 1,333(10.80%) patients presented Y chromosome microdeletions. The incidence of azoospermia factor(AZF) microdeletion was 11.75% and 8.51% in patients with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia respectively. Deletion of AZFc was the most common and deletions in AZFa or AZFab or AZFabc were found in azoospermic men. In addition, 34 patients had chromosomal abnormalities among the 144 patients with Y chromosome microdeletions. No chromosomal abnormality and microdeletion in AZF region were detected in controls. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high incidence (19.80%) of chromosomal abnormalities and Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. These findings strongly suggest that genetic screening should be advised to infertile men before starting assisted reproductive treatments.

[Effect of dihydroartemisinin on the expression of BCR/ABL fusion gene in leukemia K562 cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on the BCR/ABL fusion gene in leukemia K562 cell. METHODS: K562 cells were cultured in vitro. The rate of proliferation inhibition of cells treated with various concentrations of DHA were determined by using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) method. Expression of BCR/ABL fusion gene was analyzed by reverse transcription(RT-PCR) before and after DHA treatment. Apoptosis of K562 cells was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The growth of K562 cells was inhibited when the concentrations of DHA were 10-160 umol/L. With the added dose of DHA, the growth inhibition was remarkable, with the rate of inhibition risen from 52.76% to 94.65%. The expression of BCR/ABL fusion gene, as detected by RT-PCR after incubating the K562 cells with 20 umol/L DHA, measured as ΔCt = 4.45 ± 0.25 after 12 h and ΔCt = 5.23 ± 0.21 after 24 h, which was significantly lower compared with that of the control ( ΔCt = 4.23 ± 0.21, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: DHA can inhibit the proliferation of leukemia K562 cells and facilitate the induction of apoptosis by downregulating the expression of BCR/ABL fusion gene.

[Application of multicolor primed in situ labeling in simultaneous identification of chromosomes 18, X and Y in uncultured amniocytes].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a multicolor primed in situ labeling (PRINS) protocol for chromosome detection in uncultured amniocytes. METHODS: Chromosomes 18, X and Y in uncultured amniocytes were simultaneously detected by using the non-ddNTP-blocking multicolor PRINS procedure. RESULTS: Within 7 h, the 3 chromosomes were simultaneously marked in the same uncultured amniocyte. The chromosome signals were successfully detected in 69 uncultured samples of amniotic fluid. The results were consistent with that obtained by chromosomes in cultured amniocytes. CONCLUSION: This multicolor protocol was high throughput, fast, simple, sensitive and reliable in diagnosing chromosome abnormalities in uncultured amniocytes.

The prevalence of azoospermia factor microdeletion on the Y chromosome of Chinese infertile men detected by multi-analyte suspension array technology.

AIM: To develop a high-throughput multiplex, fast and simple assay to scan azoospermia factor (AZF) region microdeletions on the Y chromosome and establish the prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. METHODS: In total, 178 infertile patients with azoospermia (non-obstructed), 134 infertile patients with oligozoospermia as well as 40 fertile man controls were included in the present study. The samples were screened for AZF microdeletion using optimized multi-analyte suspension array (MASA) technology. RESULTS: Of the 312 patients, 36 (11.5%) were found to have deletions in the AZF region. The microdeletion frequency was 14% (25/178) in the azoospermia group and 8.2% (11/134) in the oligospermia group. Among 36 patients with microdeletions, 19 had deletions in the AZFc region, seven had deletions in AZFa and six had deletions in AZFb. In addition, four patients had both AZFb and AZFc deletions. No deletion in the AZF region was found in the 40 fertile controls. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of Y chromosomal microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. The MASA technology, which has been established in the present study, provides a sensitive and high-throughput method for detecting the deletion of the Y chromosome. And the results suggest that genetic screening should be advised to infertile men before starting assisted reproductive treatments.

[Detecting human chromosome anomalies with primed in situ labeling (PRINS)].

Numerical chromosome anomaly was one of the most important kinds of human chromosome diseases by inducing pregnancy loss, miscarriage, infant death, congenital malformations and nerve damage. The present study was to establish a rapid, reliable and reasonable multicolor primed in situ labeling (PRINS) protocol for diagnosing numerical anomaly in human chromosome. First, nuclei of cultured lymphocytes and sperms were labeled with the method of PRINS, and then nuclei of cultured lymphocytes, sperms and other specimen were labeled with the method of updated non-ddNTP-blocking multicolor PRINS technique. The labeling effect of different target sequences and the feature of different fluorochromes were evaluated by experiment. Meanwhile, several parameters of PRINS were optimized to obtain more homogeneous and stable labeling effect. At last, the applicative value of PRINS was evaluated by comparing the clinical effect and labeling characteristics between FISH probe and PRINS. In the present study, several chromosomes were simultaneously marked successfully in the same sperm nucleus within 2.5 hours. And the frequency of one-color-labeling reached 99%. The many advantages, compared with FISH, make PRINS become the first choice in diagnosing diseases related to numerical anomaly in human chromosome.

[Detection of Y chromosome microdeletions in AZF region by liquid chip technology].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a liquid chip technology to detect Y chromosome microdeletions in Chinese infertile males with azoospermia or oligozoospermia. METHODS: Multiplex PCR and liquid chip technology were used to detect the Y chromosome microdeletions in AZF region in 178 infertile patients with azoospermia and 134 infertile patients with oligozoospermia as well as 40 fertile control men. RESULTS: Forty out of 312 patients (12.8%) were found to have deletions in AZF region. The microdeletion frequency was 14%(25/178) in the azoospermic group, 9.6%(11/114) in the oligospermic and 20%(4/20) in the severe oligospermic group. CONCLUSION: The authors developed a high-throughput, fast and simple assay to screen the AZF region microdeletions of Y chromosome.

[Triple-color primed in situ labeling protocol of human metaphase chromosomes].

OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of simultaneous detection for several chromosomes with optimized triple-color primed in situ labelling (PRINS) protocol in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. METHODS: Pre-test of gonosome detection with dual-color PRINS protocol was performed to explore and optimize the order and condition of PRINS primers. A peripheral blood sample from a Klinefelter's syndrome patient (47, XXY) had also been studied with optimized triple-color PRINS to prove the correspondence between the number of signals and chromosomes. RESULTS: Chromosome 18, X and Y had been simultaneously and specifically marked within 3 hours. The frequency of successful labeling reached 90% both in dual-color and triple-color test. Two chromosome X had been correctly showed in lymphocyte sample of Klinerfelter's syndrome. CONCLUSION: Numerical chromosome anomalies could be rapidly and exactly detected with this non-ddNTP-blocking multicolor PRINS protocol in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results of in situ labeling are much clearer with inner control.

[Studies on molecular epidemiology of Y chromosome azoospermia factor microdeletions in Chinese patients with idiopathic azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia].

OBJECTIVE: To determine microdeletion loci and the characteristic of Y chromosome azoospermia factor(AZF) associated with Chinese idiopathic azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia and hence to provide a theoretic basis for gene diagnosis of AZF microdeletion in Chinese infertility men. METHODS: The subjects of this study included 134 cases of azoospermia and 118 severe oligozoospermia, and 210 healthy male controls. With multiplex PCR technique, an analysis of 15 sequence tag sites(STS) in AZFa, AZFb and AZFc microdeletion was performed. RESULTS: No microdeletion was detected in controls whereas 13 STS loci microdeletions existed in cases, including sY84 and sY86 in AZFa; sY121, sY123, sY124, sY127, sY134 and sy133 in AZFb; sY152, sY242, sY254, sY255 and sY157 in AZFc. Five azoospermia patients were involved in AZFa microdeletions, 7 azoospermia and 3 severe oligozoospermia patients in AZFb, and 14 azoospermia and 18 severe oligozoospermia patients in AZFc. The prevalence rates of microdeletion in AZFa, AZFb and AZFc were 2.0%,4.0% and 12.7% respectively. The microdeletion rate showed statistically significant difference between the cases and controls. CONCLUSION: This study revealed an association between the microdeletion of 13 STS loci of AZF region and the idiopathic azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia in Chinese. There is no evidence to identify the genetic polymorphism of the above STS loci. The frequency and distribution characteristic of AZF microdeletion are similar to those of Caucasians. As candidate loci the 13 STS are useful in clinical gene diagnosis for the detection of AZF microdeletion in Chinese idiopathic azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.