Low-temperature behaviors of the dipolar magnet Dy3Sb3Zn2O14with a strongly site-mixing disordered kagome lattice.

Interesting behaviors may emerge in the magnetic frustrated materials with significant site-mixing disorder. We present the results of the structural, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements of Dy3Sb3Zn2O14with ∼20%Dy/Zn site-mixing disorder, which results in either a diluted 2D triangular lattice, or an intermediate structure between the kagome and pyrochlore lattice. In addition to the sharp anomaly of the temperature dependence of specific heat atT∼0.35 K, which was attributed to the emergent charge order state for the sample with less disorder, a broad peak atT∼1.5 K, and a small hump belowT∼0.1 K are observed. The measured temperature dependence of specific heat and the Monte Carlo simulation suggest that the magnetic frustration persists despite of a strong site-mixing disorder.

Distinct Kondo Screening Behaviors in Heavy Fermion Filled Skutterudites with 4f

CeOs_{4}Sb_{12} (COS) and PrOs_{4}Sb_{12} (POS) are two representative compounds that provide the ideal vantage point to systematically study the physics of multi-f-electron systems. COS with Ce 4f^{1}, and POS with Pr 4f^{2} configurations show distinct properties of Kondo insulating and heavy fermion superconductivity, respectively. We unveiled the underlying microscopic origin by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies. Their eV-scale band structure matches well, representing the common characters of conduction electrons in ROs_{4}Sb_{12} systems (R=rare earth). However, f electrons interact differently with conduction electrons in COS and POS. Strong hybridization between conduction electrons and f electrons is observed in COS with band dependent hybridization gaps, and the development of a Kondo insulating state is directly revealed. Although the ground state of POS is a singlet, finite but incoherent hybridization exists, which can be explained by the Kondo scattering with the thermally excited triplet crystalline electric field state. Our results help us to understand the intriguing properties in COS and POS, and provide a clean demonstration of the microscopic differences in heavy fermion systems with 4f^{1} and 4f^{2} configurations.

Changes in the gut microbiome of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in response to White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection.

Intestinal microorganisms play important roles in maintaining host health, but their functions in aquatic animal hosts have yet to be fully elucidated. The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is one such example. We attempted to identify the shift of gut microbiota that occurred in response to infection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), an emerging viral pathogen in the crab aquaculture industry. The microbiota may exert some control over aspects of the viral pathogenesis. We investigated the changes in composition and structure of the crab gut microbiome during various WSSV infection stages of 6 h post-infection (hpi) and 48 hpi, using a 16S rRNA approach on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Four phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes) were most dominant in the gut of E. sinensis regardless of the WSSV infection stages. However, further analysis revealed that over 12 bacterial phyla, 44 orders and 68 families were significantly different in abundance at various states of WSSV infection. Several intriguing aspects of E. sinensis gut bacteria that had not been previously reported were also uncovered, such as class Mollicutes was dominant here, but absent in crabs from Yangtze River estuary and Chongming Islands. Overall, this study provided the first evidence that changes in gut microbiome were closely associated with the severity of WSSV infection and that indicator taxa could be used to evaluate the crab health status.

Development of In situ hybridization and real-time PCR assays for the detection of Hepatospora eriocheir, a microsporidian pathogen in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis.

A microsporidian parasite, Hepatospora eriocheir, is an emerging pathogen for the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Currently, there is scant information about the way it transmits infection in the crustacean of commercial importance, including its pathogenesis, propagation and infection route in vivo. In this study, chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to address this pressing need, and we provided an advance in the detection methods available. Pathogens can be seen in situ with associated lesions using ISH. Positive hybridization signals were noted inside the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas, and putative free parasite spores were observed within the tubule lumen, which were associated with lesions detected by electron microscopy and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) analysis. qPCR allows the determination of parasite loads in infected tissues, which is important for understanding disease progression and transmission. The hepatopancreas displayed the biggest statistical copy numbers among different tissues of infected crabs, confirming a tissue-specific pathogen infection characteristic. The qPCR assay also proved to be suitable for the diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier crabs. Combination of the two methods could facilitate the study of H. eriocheir infection mechanism in E. sinensis, enhance the early diagnosis of the pathogen and improve the management of microsporidian diseases in commercial crustaceans.

Studies on characteristics of resistive power calculated with discrete Fourier transform in a pulse-modulated radio frequency discharge.

In a pulse-modulated (PM) radio-frequency (RF) capacitively coupled plasma, the DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)-calculated RF power and the corresponding phase shift between voltage and current measured with calibrated voltage and current probes present oscillations in the pulse rising and falling edges. The oscillating phase shift between voltage and current obtained in the falling edge is outside the expected value for a resistive-capacitive RF discharge. Numerical simulation and analytical analysis are made to interpret these abnormal characteristics and seek an approach to obtaining the reliable resistive (active) RF power. The oscillation is proved to be originated from the oscillating non-zero reactive RF power of the capacitor(s) in the load. At the time instant when the reactive RF power within an integer RF period is not zero, the reactive RF power is mistakenly regarded as the active RF power in the DFT analysis, as a result, the corresponding phase is thus incorrect and even outside the expected value for a resistive-capacitive load. The resistive RF power and the phase can be only correctly calculated at the time instant when the reactive RF power is zero. For a series (or parallel) RC (resistor-capacitor) load and a combined RC load with the dominated series (or parallel) RC impedance, the time instant of the zero reactive RF power is calculated with one of the two proposed empirical formulae. In practice, the DFT-calculated resistive RF power is obtained according to the following procedures: (1) applying DFT to the measured RF voltage and current signals to obtain the power and time instants for minimal phase shifts between voltage and current; (2) selecting the empirical formula to calculate time instants of the zero reactive RF power; (3) getting resistive powers at time instants of the zero reactive RF power. In real PM RF capacitively coupled plasmas, the empirical formula for the series RC load is selected to calculate the resistive RF power. The accuracy of DFT-calculated resistive RF power is proved to be related to two kinds of errors. The first is the error of the time instant of the zero reactive RF power calculated using the empirical formula. This error is relatively lower when the requirement that the dominated parallel or series RC impedance is met and is almost independent of the impedance phase angle of a combined RC load. The second is the error of the DFT-calculated resistive RF power compared with the corresponding time integral RF power at the real zero reactive RF power. This error is independent of the load type or the load impedance but varies with the slope of PM RF voltage amplitude vs. time. The two kinds of errors both increase in the pulse rising and falling edges.

Direct visualization of the novel pathogen, Spiroplasma eriocheiris, in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) using fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris is the first spiroplasma strain known to be pathogenic to freshwater crustaceans. It has caused considerable economic losses both in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and in some other crustaceans. The monitoring of the pathogen in crustacean populations and study of its behaviour in the laboratory require the development of reliable diagnostic tools. In this article, we improved microscopic identification of S. eriocheiris by combining in situ hybridization with specific fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probes. The established fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed simultaneous visualization, identification and localization of S. eriocheiris in the tissues of diseased crayfish P. clarkii and exhibited low background autofluorescence and ideal signal-to-noise ratio. With the advantages of better tissue penetration, potentially more specific and stable, we designed three species-specific oligonucleotide probes utilizing the sequences of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) of S. eriocheiris. Positive hybridization signals were visualized in haemocytes and connective tissues of hepatopancreas, cardiac muscle and gill from diseased crayfish. This unique distribution pattern matched the pathological changes when diagnosed by H&E staining and indicated that S. eriocheiris probably spread throughout the tissues in P. clarkii by hemokinesis. This assay will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of S. eriocheiris and enhance the early diagnosis of the novel pathogen.

The resonant radio-frequency magnetic probe tuned by coaxial cable.

In this paper, the resonant rf magnetic probe is upgraded by replacing the rotary capacitor in the old version with the series-connected coaxial cable. The numerical calculation and the measurement with the prototype probe show that the rf magnetic probe can achieve resonance at a middle length of the series-connected coaxial cable. The good electrical symmetry of the new rf magnetic probe is ensured by both the identity of series-connected coaxial cables and the new structure of the primary winding. Practical measurements conduced on an rf inductively coupled plasma source demonstrate that performances of the new rf magnetic probe are good.

A tunable radio-frequency magnetic probe.

A tunable center-tapped transformer is proposed to increase the output of a rf magnetic probe and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The tuning is implemented by a variable capacitor connected parallel with the primary winding of the tunable center-tapped transformer. Undesirable common-to-differential conversion is reduced by installing a compensating capacitor. In addition, a planar Faraday shield is installed between the windings of the transformer to further suppress the electrostatic coupling. It is found that tuning the variable capacitor can result in a resonance in the output voltage of the rf magnetic probe. The largest output voltage, achieved with the tunable magnetic probe under the optimal condition, is higher than that with a conventional one by an order of magnitude. Effects of the compensating capacitance on the common-mode output voltage are studied and discussed. Influences of parameters such as cable length, the coupling coefficient, and the step-up ratio of the transformer on the output voltage are also presented. Analytical derivations and numerical calculations based on the equivalent circuit are performed to elucidate the characteristics of the differential mode.

Genomic instability in phenotypically normal regenerants of medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f., as revealed by ISSR and RAPD markers.

Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et Hook. f., commonly known as bonnet bellflower, is a high-valued herb medicine and vegetable. In this study, a large number of plants were regenerated via organogenesis from immature seed-derived calli in C. lanceolata by a simple and efficient method. Compared with the mother donor plant, the regenerated plants did not exhibit visible phenotypic variations in six major morphological traits examined at the stage of one-season-maturity under field conditions. To gain insight into the genomic stability of these regenerated plants, 63 individuals were randomly tagged among a population of more than 2,000 regenerants, and were compared with the single mother donor plant by two molecular markers, the inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Apparent genomic variation was detected in the 63 regenerants, whereas preexisting heterozygosiy in the donor plant was deemed minimal by testing 30 seedlings germinated from selfed seeds of the same donor plant. The percentages of polymorphic bands (PPB) in the ISSR and RAPD analysis were respectively 15.7 and 24.9% for the 63 regenerated plants. Cluster analysis indicates that the genetic similarity values calculated on the basis of RAPD and ISSR data among the 64 plants (63 regenerated and one donor) were respectively 0.894 and 0.933, which allow classification of the plants into distinct groups. Nineteen randomly isolated bands underlying the changed RAPD or ISSR patterns were sequenced, and three of them showed significant homology to known-function genes. Detailed pairwise sequence comparison at one locus between the donor plant and a regenerant revealed that insertion of two short (24 and 19 bp) stretches of nucleotides in the regenerated plant relative to the donor plant occurred in an apparently stochastic manner.