[Orbital mycetoma: a case report]. / Mycétome orbitaire : à propos d'un cas.

INTRODUCTION: Mycetomas are pathological processes through which exogenous fungal or actinomycotic etiological agents produce grains. These etiological agents live in the soil and plants of endemic areas. They are introduced traumatically, primarily into the foot. The orbital location is rare. OBSERVATION: We report the case of a 17-year-old student admitted for progressive left proptosis over 2 years, following penetrating trauma by a fork in a rural setting. Examination revealed a heterogenous orbital mass with multiple fistulae, producing pus and black grains, and suggested, due to the color of the grains, a diagnosis of fungal mycetoma. MRI revealed a destructive process at the level of the lamina papracea of the ethmoid and the orbital floor. Anatomopathological examination confirmed the fungal nature of the infection, while culture in Sabouraud's medium was inconclusive. The outcome was favorable after exenteration and debridementof the ipsilateral maxillary sinus and nasal cavities, along with 4 months of ketoconazole. No recurrence has been observed for 14 months after surgery. DISCUSSION: Mycetomas are endemic to northwest Africa. Most frequently located in the foot, they are seldom seen in the orbit. The color of the grains provides a clue as to the etiology. Black-grain mycetomas are always fungal and are treated surgically--essentially like cancer--as the persistence of a single grain will cause a recurrence. CONCLUSION: The orbital location of a mycetoma is rare. In the present case report, the concept of port of entry, the clinical appearance, and the color of the grains guided the diagnosis. The histological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis.

Idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: a case in an adolescent girl.

Encapsulating peritonitis or "abdominal cocoon" is characterised by part or all of the digestive tube being encased in a thick membrane forming a sort of "cocoon". In addition to secondary forms related to peritoneal dialysis or those with drug related, inflammatory or tumour aetiologies, rare idiopathic forms have been described. We report here a case of an idiopathic form in a 15-year-old adolescent girl.

[Merkel cell carcinoma of the gingival mucosa in a black young adult]. / Carcinome à cellule de Merkel gingival chez un adulte jeune de race noire.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and aggressive primary neuroendocrine neoplasm of the skin with a poor prognosis. It occurs mainly in the skin of white elderly patients. Its occurrence in intraoral mucosal sites is rare. We report a rare case of MCC that arose in the gingival mucosa of young black adult.

[Quality control of antibiotics used in Senegal]. / Contrôle de la qualité de quelques molécules antibiotiques utilisées au Sénégal.

To slow the spread of bacterial resistance and promote safety in the use of medicines, development of quality control tools is indispensable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of several antibiotic agents used in Senegal and to assess the utility of the mini laboratory as a quality control tool. The mini laboratory and all materials necessary for this study were provided by the German Pharma Health Fund. A total of 34 antibiotic samples were submitted to a battery of tests including physical and visual inspection, disintegration, and thin layer chromatography designed for identification and semiquantitative evaluation. Non-conformities detected by physical and visual inspection were found mainly in products from the illicit sector (80%) but some non-conformities were also found in products from licit private sector (20%). Based on thin layer chromatography findings, non-conformities in product identity and dosage involved mainly erythromycin (45%) followed by amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin (22% each). Again this type of non-conformity was most frequent in products from the illicit sector (45%) but it was also observed in products from the private and public sectors (33% and 22% respectively). These findings show that follow-up is necessary to ensure the quality of medicines, especially antibiotics. In this study the mini laboratory was a highly useful quality control tool.

Controle de la qualite de quelques molecules antibiotiques utilisees au Senegal

Pour ralentir la propagation de la resistance bacterienne et promouvoir un usage securise des medicaments; il s'avere necessaire de developper des outils de controle et de gestion de leur qualite. Notre travail a pour objectifs d'evaluer la qualite de quelques molecules antibiotiques utilisees au Senegal et de demontrer la pertinence de l'utilisation du mini laboratoire comme outil de controle de cette qualite. Le mini-laboratoire de la German Pharma Health Fund fournit l'ensemble du materiel necessaire a l'etude.Au total; 34 echantillons d'antibiotiques ont ete soumis a une batterie de tests comportant l'inspection physique et visuelle des echantillons; le test de desagregation et la chromatographie sur couche mince pour l'identification et l'appreciation semi quantitative. Sur l'ensemble des non-conformites a l'inspection physique et visuelle; 80proviennent du secteur illicite (non officiel) et 20du secteur prive (officiel). Les non-conformites a l'identification et au dosage concernent l'erythromycine; suivie de l'amoxicilline et de la ciprofloxacine pour 22des cas chacune. Le secteur illicite est egalement le plus touche par ce type de non conformite (45); les secteurs prive et public ne sont pas non plus epargnes avec respectivement 33 et 22des echantillons non-conformes. Il est ainsi important d'assurer un suivi de la qualite desmedicaments en particulier des plus sensibles comme les antibiotiques. En cela ce mini-laboratoire peut etre d'un grand apport

[Study of the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D of powdered milk varieties sold in Dakar]. / Etude des teneurs en matiere grasse, proteines et vitamine D de varietes de lait en poudre vendu a Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: The powdered milk is a much appreciated food in Senegal. However no particular control is realized by authorities on the various marks of milk imported before their marketing. In the concern to protect the health of the consumers, but especially in front of the very big variety of the sources of supply in this product we determined the contents in fat, in protein and in vitamin D main variety show of marketed powdered milk Dakar. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chemical methods were operated to determine the fat contents and in proteins. The liquid chromatography in high performance was used to identify and measure the vitamin D. RESULTS: The obtained results profits showed that all the studied samples of milk had contents in fat included between 25 and 31 g %, those in proteins were included between 23 and 25 g %. As regards the dosage of the vitamin D, a single sample had content weaker than that mentioned on the packaging by the manufacturer. CONCLUSION: The results of this study allowed to notice most of the variety varieties of powdered milk marketed in Dakar were in accordance with the standards established for this food and are consequently good quality.

[Control of the quality of antiretroviral medicines used in Senegal]. / Controle de la qualite des medicaments antiretroviraux utilises au Senegal.

INTRODUCTION: Success of any program to fight AIDS passes through out quality of antiretroviral medicines. The control and follow-up of the quality of these medicines constitute essential levers to guarantee quality. Our study aims to evaluate the quality of antiretroviral medicines used in Senegal by means of a mini laboratory from the German Pharmaceutical Health Fund. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mini laboratory provides technical arsenal necessary for the analysis. To sum up, 43 samples of antiretroviral medicines have been submitted to three types of simple, quick and reliable tests which are physical and visual inspection, disintegration and thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: The obtained results give at physical and visual inspection, 9.3% of samples which are not similar. 30 samples out of 32 have a good disintegration time. About 11.6% of samples are not similar to thin layer chromatography. CONCLUSION: The control of the quality of antiretroviral medicines is necessary if we consider the number of no conform cases which are relatively important. The mini laboratory can constitute an interesting tool for technical control facilities in developing countries that suffer from a real lack of materials.

[Cytotoxic activity of two cyclic peptides from the latex of Jatropha integerrima Euphorbiaceae]. / Etude de l'activite cytotoxique de deux cyclopeptides isoles du latex de jatropha integerrima euphorbiaceae.

Activity-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the latex of Jatropha integerrima Euphorbiaceae combinated with cytotoxic assay against the KB human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, resulted to the isolation by chromatographic methods including HPLC of two new cyclopeptides: integerrimacyclopeptide4 and integerrima cyclopeptide B. The amino acid composition was established after hydrolysis and derivatization. All chiral amino acids were L configuration and were hydrophobic. Their sequences were determined by MS fragmentations (ESI-q-TOF, MS/MS) and confirmed by 2D NMR homo- and heteronuclear studies. Integerrimacyclopeptide A was a cyclooctapeptide with m/z 766 corresponding to the molecular formula C37H66N8O9. Analysis of mass spectra gave b(n) and a(n) acylium ion series which the sequence could be deduced: cyclo(Leu-Gly-Ser-Ile-Ile-Leu-Gly-lle). This structure was confirmed by interpretation of HMBC and ROESY spectra. Likewise, integerrimacyclopeptide B was a cycloheptapeptide with m/z 651 and C31H53N7O8 as molecular formula containing one proline residue: cyclo(Pro-Gly-Thr-Ile-Gly-Ile-Leu). These two cyclic peptides exhibited significant cytotoxic activityin vitro against KB tumorales cells with respective IC50 values of 0.46 +/- 0.04 and 0.66 +/-0.08 microg/ml.

Environmental lead exposure and its relationship to traffic density among Senegalese children: a cross-sectional study.

Leaded-gasoline is probably the primary source of lead (Pb) exposure in Dakar (Senegal). The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the levels of Pb in Senegalese children and to present helpful data on the relationship between Pb levels and changes in biological markers of heme biosynthesis and oxidative stress. A total of 330 children, living since birth either in rural or urban areas (ie, Khombole (n = 162) and Dakar (n = 168), respectively) were included. During this cross-sectional study, the mean blood (B)-Pb level in all children was 7.32 +/- 5.33 microg/dL, and was influenced by the area of residence and gender. In rural children, 27 subjects (16.7%), 18 boys (19.6%) and nine girls (12.9%), had a B-Pb level > 10 microg Pb/dL, whereas 99 urban children (58.9%), respectively, 66 boys (71.8%) and 33 girls (43.4%), had alarmingly high B-Pb levels. Accordingly, urine delta-aminolevulinic acid levels were higher in children living in the urban area than in the rural areas (P < 0.001), and closely correlated with the B-Pb levels (P < 0.01). Moreover, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, selenium (Se) level, glutathione reductase (GR) activity, and glutathione status were significantly influenced by area of residence and/or by gender. GPx activity and Se level were not only negatively correlated with B-Pb levels, but also positively correlated together (P < 0.01). Taken together, the present results allow us to conclude that urban children have higher B-Pb levels than rural children, and that of these children, boys have higher B-Pb levels than girls, leading thereby to alterations of heme biosynthesis and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. We also suggest that exposure to Pb and the Pb-induced adverse effects merits attention and that the development of preventive actions are of increasing importance in Senegal.

[Quality of butter sold in Dakar (Sénégal)]. / Etude de la qualité des beurres vendus a Dakar (Sénégal).

Among foods that are introduced in Senegal, butter takes a significant place particularly at home where it is frequently eaten. Nevertheless, Senegalese authorities don't carry out any quality control under those different types (mark) of butter. In consequence, to find butter without quality or characteristics of authentic butter may be high. The aim of this work is to analyse quality of main varieties of butter in Dakar market. Chemical methods were used to determine the characteristic of butter samples and gas chromatography was made to authentify their fatty acid profile. Our results have shown that most of analysed sample respected the standards of quality. In fact the composition of fatty acid and characteristic factors of authentic butter were certified by this study.

[A new case of rhinoscleroma with skin extension]. / Un nouveau cas de rhinosclérome avec atteinte cutanée.

Scleroma is a chronic and specific granulomatous disease of bacterial origin. Klebsialla rhinoscleromatis, a gram-negative bacillus. The majority of cases affect the upper airways, particularly the nose, thus justifying the term of rhinoscleroma. Extension to the palate, the upper lip and the skin is possible. A new case of rhinoscleroma with skin extension is reported. To us, this is the second case in Senegal (Casamance). Epidemiological, clinical, bacteriological and histological aspects of the disease are reviewed. Under suitable antibiotic, evolution is currently favorable.

Environmental lead exposure and its relationship to traffic density among Senegalese children: a pilot study.

In Senegal, as in many developing countries, traffic density is increasing in urban areas; in Dakar more than 50% of vehicles use gasoline. Yet the extent and real magnitude of the problem has neither been recognized nor assessed in these countries. Systemic data assessment of lead pollution and people's exposure are not well known in Senegal. This study was also designed to determine the impregnation levels of the lead released by the exhaust of cars and the changes of some early biological markers in Senegalese children. Blood lead (BPb) levels showed that all the children enrolled were exposed. However, lead exposure levels (from 34.7 to 145.8 microg/L) were less important for children living in rural areas (60.9+/-18.3 microg/L) than for those living in urban areas (106.7+/-16.9 microg/L). These changes could be correlated to the difference in the automobile traffic between both these regions (P < 0.001). BPb mean levels found in boys were higher than those in girls (P < 0.05). Despite elevated BPb levels, all values for blood zinc protoporphyrin and urine delta-aminolevulinic acid were within physiological ranges. In addition, variations in some biological markers of oxidative stress and renal disorders were seen; however, they must be confirmed by a future epidemiological study.

[Contamination by aflatoxins of local peanut oils prepared in Senegal]. / Contamination par les aflatoxines des huiles d'arachide artisanales préparées au Sénégal.

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by certain strains of fungus (Aspergillus) which develop in peanut seeds. Peanut oil and peanut meal are widely used in Senegal. The risk of intoxication is quite real. We determined aflatoxin contamination levels in peanut oil and food prepared by small scale production plants in the Kaolack and Diourbel regions of Senegal. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the different samples showed that 80% of them were contaminated. Aflatoxin B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) were detected. The pattern of contamination was similar for the two regions. Aflatoxin B(1) was prevalent and found in over 85% of the samples. The mean content of this mycotoxin (the most dangerous toxin) was about 40 ppb, a value which largely exceeds specifications for allowable levels.

[Mango leaves (Manguifera indica, Anacardiacea) used as biomarker of pollution by pp'Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (pp'DDT)]. / Utilisation des feuilles de manguier (Manguifera indica, Anacardiacea) comme bioindicateur de pollution par le pp'Dichlorodiphényltri-Chloroéthane (pp'DDT).

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), organochlorine pesticide, byanother way cumulative pesticide is banned in mostdeveloped countries. Whatever, it is still used in many countries in the Third World. This work consist to check whether this chemical compound is still used in Senegal. The biomarker of pollution by this pesticide for this research was mango leaves (mango tree is widespread in Senegal) open to accumulate halogenated hydrocarbons. Leaves sample were taken in many sites in the centerline of Dakar-Thiès (Senegal), then analysed by gas chromatography. The results allowed to note the presence of DDT and its metabolites [(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylen (DDE), (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDD)] in most of samples. The comparison of DDT content in relation to those of the principal metabolite allowed to make the difference according to sample sites, an old contamination of an utilisation more or less recent of this pesticide. From those results, we can conclude that DDT, typical pesticide by its big persistence is still used in some spherical zones in this country, in particular in farming gardening zones.

[Aflatoxin contamination level in artisanal and industrial peanut butter food in Dakar (Senegal)]. / Niveaux de contamination par les aflatoxines des pâtes d'arachide alimentaires de préparation artisanale et industrielle de Dakar (Senegal).

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by some strains of fungus (Aspergillus) which develop in peanut seeds. Peanut oil and past are very used up in Senegal, then the aflatoxin poisoning risk is very actual. The aim of this study was to determinate the aflatoxin level in artisanal and industrial peanut pastry food from Dakar (Sénégal). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the different samples showed that the most contaminated by aflatoxins are artisanal pastry sold in different market of Dakar (Sénégal). Indeed, 40% of these samples contained mean values of aflatoxin B1 (the most dangerous) widely over allowable EEC specifications (5ppb). Furthermore, most of industrial and domestic peanut pastry were cleaned and could be consumed without risk.

[Aflatoxins in food: tests of decontamination of peanut cakes by ionizing treatment]. / Aflatoxines dans les aliments: essais de décontamination des tourteaux d'arachide par traitement ionisant.

The efficacy of ionising treatment for decontaminating peanut cakes was tested. The influence of cakes water content and the effect of ionisation dose rate were studied. The results obtained after a reverse phase liquid chromatographic determination of B1, B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxins have revealed an important contamination of the peanut cakes (up to 1000 ppb of total aflatoxin's contents). After ionising treatment at 25 kGy, the aflatoxins degradation in peanut cake's was less important in dried samples (about 5-10% at 0.55 water activity: aw) than in the humid ones (40-60% degradation at 0.95 water activity). At this dose, any indicative difference of the degradation rate of aflatoxins, with regard to the ionising process was observed. The efficacy of ionising treatment for decontaminating peanut cakes could probably be improved, however the economic interest of such process as alternative of the treatment with ammonia is questionable.

[Pesticide bioaccumulation: measurement and levels of organochlorine residues in products of vegetable origin]. / Bioaccumulation des pesticides: recherche et dosage de résidus d'organochlorés dans les produits d'origine végétale.

Because of their lipophilic properties and their persistence, organochlorine pesticides residues can be accumulated in human body by consuming regularly plants products. This study consisted of the monitoring of the contamination level of pesticides residues from various plants products, in order to assess the long- term intoxication risk to which Senegalese consumer is exposed ant identify throughout these plants some indicators of atmospheric pollution. The chromatographic analysis of medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables extracts showed that they could be contaminated by organochlorine residues. About ten of these pesticides residues were found confirming that the analysed plants were really contaminated. The residues level in medicinal plants (from 0.1 to 45 micrograms/kg) were widely below the maximum allowed concentrations and were also lower than those in fruits and vegetables (from 0.1 microgram/kg to 460 micrograms/kg). Heptachlorine residues contents of tomatoes and citrus fruits were higher than FAO/WHO norms, so that, a regular monitoring of the plants products is recommended for better protection of consumers.