Development and psychometric properties of Iranian midwives job satisfaction instrument (MJSI): A sequential exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction refers to a person's attitude toward his/her job and its various aspects. Job satisfaction improves the quality of service and employees' physical and mental health. The present study aimed to design a valid and reliable instrument to assess Iranian midwives job satisfaction instrument (MJSI). METHODS: This is a sequential exploratory study for tool design. This study in two phases; (qualitative and tool's psychometric evaluation) was conducted in Ilam, Iran, 2019 years. In the first phase, a qualitative content analysis was carried out by in-depth and semi-structured individual interviews with 10 experts. Then, the pool of items extracted from the qualitative phase was completed by reviewing the existing texts and tools. The second phase of the study involved reducing the overlapping items and validating the tool. In order to investigate the construct validity, a cross sectional study was conducted with the participation of 121 midwives with census sampling. Data analysis was performed by SPSS-19 software using exploratory factor analysis and reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha). RESULTS: In the qualitative phase and after reviewing the existing texts and tools by the research team, a 58-item questionnaire was developed and then entered into the psychometric phase. Then, the tool was finalized with five factors, including: 1) communication features, 2) professional features, 3) responsibility aspects, 4) physical-mental aspects and 5) social aspects, respectively. After the psychometric process, by removing the items in different stages, a specific questionnaire was developed to measure the midwives' job satisfaction with 25 items which explained a total of 49.95% of the total variance. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha = 0.71 and test-retest with 2-weeks intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.898). CONCLUSION: The 25-item self-reporting midwives job satisfaction tool had acceptable validity and reliability. We recommend the use of this tool for evaluating the job satisfaction of midwives, as well as management and research purposes.

Comparison of the effect of licorice vaginal cream and estrogen vaginal cream on sexual function of postmenopausal women: An RCT.

Background: Menopause is a stage in woman's life that some women experience in middle age and some at a younger age (premature menopause). Low levels of ovarian hormones, during menopause can lead to various complications. Menopause is one of the factors that can affect a woman's sexual function. Objective: The present study was conducted to compare the effect of licorice vaginal cream and estrogen vaginal cream on the sexual function of postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 82 postmenopausal women who were referred to health centers in Ilam, Iran from July to November 2020 were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 41/each). One group was given estrogen vaginal cream 2%, and the other vaginal licorice cream 2%. Participants used the 2 medications for 14-day periods each. We used the finite randomization method. Data collection questionnaires, including a demographic information questionnaire before treatment and a female sexual function index questionnaire were completed before, one month after the medication, and 2 months after using the medication. Results: The mean score of sexual function in the licorice group was 17.86 ± 4.37 and increased to 20.31 ± 4.63 at the end of the study. The mean score of sexual function in the estrogen group was 17.14 ± 3.99 and increased to 22.97 ± 5.09 at the end of the study (p = 0.015). Conclusion: The effect of estrogen vaginal cream on the sexual function of postmenopausal women was greater than licorice vaginal cream.

Explaining the concept of maternal health information verification and assessment during pregnancy: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women use information sources for their own health and health of their children. However, despite the importance of trusting the information sources, pregnant women may not have the ability to verify the maternal health information, which could have negative consequences for their health. The purpose of this study was to explain the concept of maternal health information verification and assessment in pregnant women according to their experiences and perception. METHODS: This is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2017 in Tehran, Iran. The participants in this study consisted of 19 pregnant women who were selected by purposeful sampling. To collect data, semi-structured, in-depth and face to face interviews were conducted with participants and continued until saturation of data. Conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data and to identify concepts and synthesize them into general classes. MAXQDA software version 10 was used to manage the data. RESULTS: In the process of data analysis, the concept of verification and assessment of maternal health information in pregnancy was explained in two main categories, including "Validity of information resources" and "Reliance on information resources." The category of Validity of information resources had two subcategories of valid and invalid sources, and the main category of Reliance on information resources had two subcategories of indicators of assurance, and confusion and trying to obtain assurance. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that pregnant women used various sources and indicators, as well as different evaluation methods to obtain information and verify it, especially when they are confused. Thus, health authorities and healthcare professionals should provide appropriate programs to familiarize mothers with credible sources, train pregnant women on standards and practices for judging the accuracy of information, and create a safe margin of information.

Development and psychometric properties of maternal health literacy inventory in pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive and important stages of women's life. Maternal health literacy is the key to achieving a healthy pregnancy. It also affects pregnancy outcomes by improving the quality of health care in this period. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of maternal health literacy inventory in pregnancy (MHELIP). METHODS: This sequential, exploratory and mixed study was carried out in two parts (qualitative study and psychometric evaluation of the tool) in Tehran in 2016-18. The first part involved a qualitative content analysis with a traditional approach using in-depth, semi-structured and personal interviews with 19 eligible pregnant women. Then, the pool of items extracted from the qualitative part was completed by reviewing the existing literature and tools. In the second part, the overlapping items were summarized and the tool was validated. In order to evaluate the construct validity, a cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 320 pregnant women. Data analysis was performed by SPSS-19 software using exploratory factor analysis and reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha and ICC). RESULTS: Findings of qualitative part produced a pool of 120 items that reached to 124 items after reviewing the literature. After confirming face and content validity by calculating CVI and CVR for each item, 53 items remained in the pool. Finally, the results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed a tool with 48 items in four factors, explaining 46.49% of the variance of total variables of the tool. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha = 0.94 and test-retest with 2-weeks intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.96). Finally, the tool was finalized with 48 items in 4 dimensions, including "Maternal Health Knowledge", "Maternal Health Information Search", "Maternal Health Information Assessment" and "Maternal Health Decision Making and Behavior". CONCLUSION: The designed tool is a multidimensional, reliable and validated scale for assessing maternal health literacy during pregnancy. This tool can be used to evaluate different aspects of maternal health literacy in pregnant women, which was prepared based on their experiences during a qualitative study.

Socio-economic inequality and risk of loneliness by personality traits in girl students.

OBJECTIVE: Personality traits can affect humans' mental health. In the present study, we aimed to assess the relation of loneliness to personality traits and also to inequality in socio-economic status in girl students. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, investigated the relations of personality traits to loneliness in girl students in Ilam from 2014 to 2015. A multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. The NEO-FFI and University of California, and Los Angeles questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS and Distributive Analysis Stata Package (DASP). RESULTS: Among 400 recruited participants, 149 (37.2%) were categorized as having loneliness. The concentration index (CI) for loneliness was 0.19 (95 % confidence interval CI] 0.07, 0.27), which indicated that loneliness was observed more in persons with high socioeconomic status. The risk of loneliness was 38% lower in persons with higher scores in neuroticism (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.91). CONCLUSION: We found that socio-economic inequality was observed in relation to loneliness with girls of higher socioeconomic status reporting more loneliness. Therefore, more attention should be directed by policymakers to determining the main contributors to inequality contributors and loneliness in advantaged societies.

The Effect of Individual Factors, Socioeconomic and Social Participation on Individual Happiness: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Happiness and exhilaration are the most essential demands of human innate psychological needs that affect both physical and mental health. AIM: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of individual factors, socioeconomic and social participation on individual happiness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we evaluated 15 to 54-year-old individuals to find the effects of individual factors, socioeconomic and social partnership (formal or informal) on human happiness. A random sampling method was used in the present study. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics including; frequency, percentage, Mean±SD. Correlation coefficient, one way ANOVA and logistic regression were also used as analytical statistics. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between gender (p=0.001, r=0.144), marital status (p=0.001, r=0.174), happy parents (p=0.001, r=0.194), educational grade (p=0.001, r=0.189), employment status (p=0.001, r=0.180), income (p=0.001, r=0.264), car ownership (p=0.001, r=0.173), informal social participation (p=0.001, r=0.3) and formal social participation (p=0.001, r=0.231) with happiness. However, the relationship between home ownership (p=0.346, r=-0.015), and happiness was not significant. CONCLUSION: It seems that good and cordial relations with others, including family, relatives and friends (informal social participation) are the main sources and the most important factors of life satisfaction and human happiness. Higher income can increase happiness by enhancing the possibility to access the needs, desires, problems solving, enhancing the social support and self esteem and opportunities to perform one's favourite activities.

Comparison of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Lidocaine on Episiotomy Complication in Primiparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) through the skin is a nonpharmacological method of pain relief. The present study aimed to compare TENS and lidocaine on episiotomy complication in primiparous women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a randomized, controlled clinical trial, 80 participants were included from March to July 2011 at the antenatal clinic and postdelivery ward in the Social Security Organization Hospital, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, visual analog scale and redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and approximation scales. The participants were randomized into two groups with equal number of participants. All participants received 5 cc of local infiltration of 1% lidocaine before episiotomy, and TENS electrodes were placed on He Gu and Shenmen points during the crowning of fetal head. The TENS group received TENS with 100; 250 µs, the output range of 15-20 mm amplifier from crowning of first stage of labor to the end of the episiotomy repairing. The lidocaine group received 10 cc of local infiltration of 1% lidocaine before episiotomy repair while did not receive TENS electrodes. The pain intensity during and after episiotomy repair was recorded. RESULTS: TENS and lidocaine have similar effects on pain relief at the episiotomy cutting, the start of the episiotomy repair, and at end of the episiotomy repair; however, the pain relief of both the interventions was different during the episiotomy repair. The effect of TENS in reducing edema was statistically significant (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TENS and lidocaine are effective for the episiotomy complications during and after episiotomy repair.

Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Sexual Dysfunction in Iranian Women: Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses.

BACKGROUND: Female sexual dysfunction, which can occur during any stage of a normal sexual activity, is a serious condition for individuals and couples. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictive factors of female sexual dysfunction in women referred to health centers in Ilam, the Western Iran, in 2014. METHODS: In the present cross-sectional study, 444 women who attended health centers in Ilam were enrolled from May to September 2014. Participants were selected according to the simple random sampling method. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to predict the risk factors of female sexual dysfunction. Diffe rences with an alpha error of 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall, 75.9% of the study population exhibited sexual dysfunction. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that there was a significant association between female sexual dysfunction and age, menarche age, gravidity, parity, and education (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that, menarche age (odds ratio, 1.26), education level (odds ratio, 1.71), and gravida (odds ratio, 1.59) were independent predictive variables for female sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: The majority of Iranian women suffer from sexual dysfunction. A lack of awareness of Iranian women's sexual pleasure and formal training on sexual function and its influencing factors, such as menarche age, gravida, and level of education, may lead to a high prevalence of female sexual dysfunction.

The Effect of Oxygen Inhalation Plus Oxytocin Compared with Oxytocin Only on Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Post Partum Haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal mortality across the world, mainly in the developing countries. AIM: The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate effect of oxygen inhalation plus oxytocin compared with oxytocin only on PPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a clinical trial which was performed in Shahid Mustafa Khomieni Teaching Hospital of Ilam (western Iran) from April 2012 to Nov 2013. One hundred and twenty pregnant women who were referred to delivery ward for normal vaginal delivery were selected with convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned into two groups. For both groups management of the third stage of labour was done using 1000CC Ringer and 20 units of Oxytocin. In the intervention group, in addition to the routine administration, 8 liters of oxygen via face mask was used continuously until 2 hours after delivery. Blood loss was determined by regular weighing of the buttocks that were previously weighted. The difference was calculated before and after weighing (1 gram increasing of weight was considered to be equivalent to 1CC blood loss). Data were analysed by SPSS 16 version using Student- t and Chi-square tests. RESULTS: The two groups were homogenous in regard to all the base line variables. The study results indicated that the mean of blood loss were (256.16±97) ml at two hours after delivery in the control group and (149.5±46.49) ml in the intervention group. There was a significant difference between PPH of the two groups (p<0.006). CONCLUSION: Research findings showed that the use of inspired oxygen during the third stage of labour and oxytocin infusion during 2hours later resulted in a significant decreasing in the amount of bleeding after normal vaginal delivery.

Quality of Life among Iranian Infertile Women in Postmenopausal Period: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Infertility has a significant impact on a women's quality of life (QOL). Infertile women face with physical and mental challenges during their postmenopausal period. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the QOL among Iranian infertile women in the postmenopausal period using a valid and reliable instrument. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study both snowball and social networking methods were used for sampling. Two demographic and QOL questionnaire were used for data collection. The QOL questionnaire includes 41 items which measure the QOL in five dimensions: socioeconomic, mental health, religiousness, physical health and future imagining. Data analyzed was carried out in IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 using descriptive statistic, χ(2) test, and Fisher test. A P value of 0.01 or less was considered significant. RESULTS: Overall 211 eligible participants were studied. Some participants obtained full score on socioeconomic, religiousness, physical health and future imagining dimensions of QOL but none on the mental health dimension of the QOL. Only, 6.6% of study participants have a good QOL. There was a significant relationship between age and financial provider whit status of QOL. CONCLUSION: Most Iranian infertile women in the postmenopausal period have poor or moderate QOL. Therefore, improving the QOL among these women should be considered.

Quality of Life in Infertile Menopausal Women; Development and Psychometric of an Instrument.

INTRODUCTION: So far few studies have been designed to evaluate the quality of life instrument in infertile women. AIM: The present study was decided to design a valid and reliable instrument to assess quality of life in Iranian infertile women in postmenopausal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were applied. The process was divided into three main stages including: instrument development, instrument validity and instrument reliability. Instrument development used three main steps, including determining content domain, item generation and instrument construction. Instrument was validated using face validity, content validity and factor analysis. Both internal consistency and test-retest reliability methods were used to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire. RESULTS: During content development, domain step obtained 83 items in all demission of life in infertile women. In the qualitative and quantitative face validity, 25 items had item impact less than 1.5 and were excluded from the questionnaire. In the content validity section, 17 items failure to obtain necessary score based on Lawshe formula, so were excluded from the questionnaire. Overall, 8 factors were extracted by factor analysis test. However, 67.38% of the total variance was explained by 4 factors, other 4 next factors explained the remaining 32.62% of the total variance. Totally, 34.01% of rotation variance was explained by first factor and 24.37% by second factor. In questionnaire internal consistency, 8 items had Cronbach's alpha 0.942. CONCLUSION: Therefore, we recommend the use of present questionnaire as a valid tool to evaluate the quality of life in infertile women during postmenopausal period.

Factors Affecting Happiness: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Iranian Youth.

INTRODUCTION: Happiness is one of the most important concepts in the mental health that has an impact on different aspects of young people. AIM: The present study was conducted to identify the factors influencing on happiness among young persons in Liam, Iran during 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among young population 15-29-year-old. Multistage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. Data were collected using two demographic and Oxford Happiness Inventory. SPSS software Package 14 was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: A total of 500 young people, including 272 men and 228 women were enrolled. The Mean ± SD of the participants' age was 20 ± 2.18 years. There was a significant relationship between the happiness score and location in urban and rural, employment status and physical activity. There was not a significant relationship between gender, marital status and education level with happiness score among participants. CONCLUSION: The age groups, type of occupation, physical activity and place of residence were factors associated with happiness in young persons. However, there was not significant relationship between gender, marital status and education level with a happiness score among study participants.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence against Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women in families is the most common form of violence against them. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of domestic violence and its effects on married women of Ilam. METHODS: In this descriptive-sectional research, 334 married women referred to medical health centers in Ilam were selected to participate using a random sampling method. After obtaining their consent to participate in the study, participants responded to a 46 items questionnaire and responses were analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The majority of the participants reported experiencing domestic violence and emotional violence was more prevalent than other kinds of violence. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower education level, marriage at a younger age, shorter duration of marriage, fewer children, being a housewife, and husband's unemployment had a significant relationship with domestic violence against women. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of wife abuse in Ilam especially emotional violence due to lower education levels and marriage at younger age could be a serious threat for women's health as well as for other members of the family. This could be a grounding factor for other social harms such as suicide and this issue must be studied from legal, religious, and cultural standpoints.

Association of body weight and female sexual dysfunction: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is rapidly increasing worldwide with negative effects on women's health, psychosocial factors and quality of life. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a major public health problem that is worrying for many women physically, emotionally and socially. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of body weight with FSD and sexual satisfaction, in Ilam, western Iran, in 2010 to 2011. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a case-control study on 120 women aged 18-50 years [64 with FSD (case), 64 without FSD (control)] married, from Ilam-IR, who were interviewed as per the Iranian version of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were recorded by researchers. The subjects were randomly selected from primary health centers. RESULTS: FSFI score was significantly lower in overweight women (P < 0.05). FSFI strongly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.68, P < 0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.29, P < 0.05) in women with FSD. Of sexual function parameters, there was a strong and inverse correlation between BMI and arousal (r = -0.71, P < 0.001), lubrication (r = -0.61, P < 0.001), orgasm (r = -0.52, P < 0.001) and satisfaction (r = -0.54, P < 0.001), while pain (r = -0.12, P > 0.05) and desire (r = -0.17, P > 0.05) did not correlate with BMI. There was an association between BMI and extreme satisfaction (r = -0.28, P < 0.05). Extreme physical pleasure (r = -0.19, P > 0.05) and extreme emotional satisfaction (r = -0.16, P > 0.05) were not correlated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity negative affect sexuality in women with sexual dysfunction. A systematic evaluation of sexual function to disclose a cause and effect relationship between obesity and FSD is suggested.

Relationship Between the Parenting Styles and Students' Educational Performance Among Iranian Girl High School Students, A Cross- Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Parenting styles are effective in the educational performance of their child. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the parenting styles and students' educational performance among Iranian girl high school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, female students in high schools of Ilam (Iran) evaluated during the academic year 2014-15. Multistage cluster random sampling was used to select the participants. Data were collected by two demographic and Baumrind's parenting styles questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured as an index of internal identicalness of the questionnaire to verify its reliability. RESULTS: A total 400 students were studied. The Mean±SD of the students' age were 14±1.08. The students' school grades were the first year of high school to pre-university course. The Mean±SD of parenting styles were 35.37±5.8, 34.69±6.34 and 19.17±6.64 for permissive parenting style, authoritarian parenting style and authoritative parenting styles, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the score of permissive parenting style (p= 0.001, r= 0.151), authoritarian parenting style (p= 0.001, r= 0.343) and authoritative parenting style (p=0. 001, r= 0.261) with the students' average score for studying. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that parental influence plays an important role in students' educational performance.

The effect of oral propranolol plus oxytocin versus oxytocin only on the process and outcome of labor: A double-blind randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged labor can lead to maternal and neonatal complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of oral propranolol plus oxytocin versus oxytocin only on the process and outcome of labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial performed in Ilam Mustafa hospital, a total of 146 nulliparous pregnant women at gestational age of 40-42 weeks were randomly allocated to receive 20 mg oral dose of propranolol or placebo plus oxytocin infusion (73 participants in each group). The outcome measures were the mean duration of labor stages, type of delivery, and neonatal outcome. RESULTS: The mean duration of active phase and the second stage of labor were significantly shorter in the propranolol group than in the placebo group on both the first and the second days of induction. The mean duration of third stage of labor was shorter in the propranolol group than in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant statistically on the first (P = 0.159) and second (P = 0.065) days. Frequency of cesarean section deliveries significantly decreased in the propranolol plus oxytocin group compared to the placebo plus oxytocin group (P = 0.005, P = 0.015) on the first and the second days, respectively. No significant difference in the neonatal outcome measures, such as Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min and the need for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, was found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that oral propranolol is an effective agent in both shortening the labor duration and reducing the frequency of cesarean section.

Predictive Factors for Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) in Iranian Women's: An Ordinal Logistic Approch.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the predictors factors of Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) in Iranian women by using ordinal logistic regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The role of risk factors of POP was evaluated among 365 patients attending in two public centres in Ilam province, Iran. Exclusion criteria were of single, pregnant and lactate women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Both the unvaried and multi-variate ordinal logistic regression were used to find the predictive factors of POP and computing sensitivity and specificity of models. RESULTS: In multi-variate ordinal logistic regression the variables of Body Mass Index (BMI) Maximum Birth Weight (MBW) and delivery mode were the most important factors for prediction of prolapse stage. The sensitivity and specificity of multi-variate ordinal logistic, as a screening test, were 95.7% and 48.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: BMI, MBW and delivery mode can use for prediction of POP stage. Stage of prolapse is an ordinal variable, therefore to show relationship between stage of prolapse and other variables ordinal logistic regression is an appropriate model.

Predictive factors for preeclampsia in pregnant women: a Receiver Operation Character approach.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are some risk factors that are of great value for prediction of preeclampsia by which the practitioners can counsel women regarding this disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of such risk factors as the predictors associated with preeclampsia among Iranian women using logistic regression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The role of some risk factors such as demographic, anthropometric, medical and obstetrics variables in preeclampsia among 610 women attending the obstetric ward of Mustafa hospital in Ilam in the west of Iran was analyzed from May to September 2010. All the pregnant women referred to this hospital participated in the study except those cases that had abortion. Unvaried and Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to find the predictive factors behind preeclampsia. Standard errors of area compute using nonparametric methods. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Prevalence of preeclampsia was 9.5% (95% CI 7.4-11.6%). Predictive model build using history of preeclampsia, history of hypertension, and history of infertility. Area Under the Receiver Operation Character (AUROC) was estimated 0.67 (95% CI 0.59-0.67, p < 0.01) that showed that using the model is much better than having a guess. CONCLUSIONS: The odd of preeclampsia increased in women with a history of preeclampsia, hypertension and infertility. Recognition of these predictor factors would improve the ability to diagnose and monitor women likely to develop preeclampsia before the onset of disease for timely interventions.

Predictive factors for preeclampsia in pregnant women: a unvariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Several risk factors have been used to predict preeclampsia. The role of some risk factors as predictors associated with preeclampsia among Iranian women was analyzed in the present study using logistic regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 610 women attending the obstetric ward of Mustafa hospital in Ilam were enrolled in this study. Demographic variables such as age, Body Mass Index (BMI), medical and obstetrics variables such as education, number of pregnancy, abortion and parity from May to September 2010 were analyzed. We used the unvaried and multiple logistic regression analyses to predict preeclampsia. RESULTS: The history of preeclampsia, hypertension, and infertility showed to be good independent predicator variables for preeclampsia using multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR was 5.46, 2.34 and 3.07 respectively). Area Under the Receiver Operation Character (AUROC) was estimated to be 0.67 (95% CI 0.59-0.67, p<0.01) indicating the efficacy of the model for the prediction. CONCLUSION: The history of preeclampsia, hypertension and infertility predict preeclampsia with an increased odds ratio. Using such variables in regression analysis can help to diagnose preeclampsia beforehand and hence allow timely intervention.

Increased intravenous hydration of nulliparas in labor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of intravenous hydration on the duration of active labor in nulliparous women also allowed unrestricted oral consumption of fluids. METHODS: In a randomized clinical trial 120 nulliparous women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at term were randomly assigned to drink fluids at will and receive either no intravenous hydration (group 1) or a Ringer lactate solution at rates of 60 mL, 120 mL, or 240 mL per hour (groups 2-4) throughout active labor. RESULTS: There were differences in duration for the active phase of the first stage of labor (252.3 ± 40.9 min in group 1 vs 206.7±38.3 min in group 4; P<0.001) and for the second stage (64.3 ± 13.9 in group 1 vs 49.8 ± 11.4 min in group 4; P=0.01), but not for the third stage. The percentage of participants who needed labor augmentation with oxytocin was less when intravenous hydration was provided (53.3% in group 1 vs 20.0% in group 4; P=0.02). CONCLUSION: Intravenous hydration significantly decreased the duration of active labor and reduced the frequency of both prolonged labor and oxytocin administration in nulliparous women. htpp://www.irct.ir registration number: IRCT201105256575N2.