Effectiveness of smartphone interventions as continuing care for substance use disorders: A systematic review.

As a chronic disease with consistent relapse rates, substance use disorders (SUD) require a continuity-of-care approach. Unfortunately, many patients do not have access to continuing care. This systematic review analysed the current scientific knowledge to better understand if app-based smartphone interventions can be an effective alternative. The databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were used to find experimental and quasi-experimental studies investigating the effectiveness of a smartphone intervention in individuals who had completed treatment for SUD. After removing duplicates, a total of 1488 studies were screened, with 48 being selected for a full-text review. Four studies met all the criteria, with one other being added by identification through other resources, making a total of 5 studies included in the present review. Out of the four studies using a control group, only one found no significant differences in favour of the experimental group. That study used an active control group and compared the smartphone intervention to its therapeutic group equivalent. There were no significant differences between the two experimental groups. Overall, the results indicate that app-based smartphone interventions can be an effective alternative to traditional forms of continuing care. However, literature is still scarce, and more research needs to be made on this subject. This systematic review is registered at PROSPERO with the identifier [CRD42021272070].

Transcultural Translation and Validation of Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric©.

OBJECTIVES: to translate and cross-culturally validate the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© (LCJR©) instrument for nursing students. METHODS: the application of LCJR-PT© was preceded by a linguistic translation into Portuguese, based on the translation-back-translation method. This psychometric study involved 32 nursing students from a program in Portugal. Data were collected through observations of two independent observers during the performance of the practices developed by the students, through the scenarios validated by experts of high and of medium-fidelity simulation. RESULTS: of the 64 observations obtained from the practices of nursing students, the value of intra-class correlations in the 4 aspects of the instrument exceeded 0.792. There was a global Cronbach's alpha of LCJR-PT© of 0.921 and 0.876 in Observers 1 and 2 respectively, with a statistically significant level of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: the LCJR-PT© is a valid and reliable instrument, demonstrating a high potential for its use in clinical education and nursing research.

Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Memorial Emergency Department Fall Risk Assessment Tool.

Falls are a public health problem that cause serious damage to people's health and health systems. This study aims to estimate the validity and reliability of the Memorial Emergency Department Fall Risk Assessment Tool for the European Portuguese population. The sample included 186 adults from an emergency department of a District Hospital in Portugal. Reliability and precision (inter-rater reliability) are assessed by two independent raters. The relationship between MEDFRAT and the Morse Fall Risk Scale is evaluated. All items presented a high Kappa index. The MEDFRAT showed a high and significant correlation with the Morse Fall Risk Scale. The influence of sociodemographic and clinical data was also checked. The MEDFRAT is adequate, valid and reliable for the European Portuguese population to assess the risk of falling of emergency department patients.

Transcultural Translation and Validation of Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© / Tradução e Validação Transcultural da Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© / Traducción Transcultural y Validación de la Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric©

ABSTRACT Objectives: to translate and cross-culturally validate the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© (LCJR©) instrument for nursing students. Methods: the application of LCJR-PT© was preceded by a linguistic translation into Portuguese, based on the translation-back-translation method. This psychometric study involved 32 nursing students from a program in Portugal. Data were collected through observations of two independent observers during the performance of the practices developed by the students, through the scenarios validated by experts of high and of medium-fidelity simulation. Results: of the 64 observations obtained from the practices of nursing students, the value of intra-class correlations in the 4 aspects of the instrument exceeded 0.792. There was a global Cronbach's alpha of LCJR-PT© of 0.921 and 0.876 in Observers 1 and 2 respectively, with a statistically significant level of agreement. Conclusions: the LCJR-PT© is a valid and reliable instrument, demonstrating a high potential for its use in clinical education and nursing research.

RESUMO Objetivos: traduzir e validar transculturalmente o instrumento Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© (LCJR©) para estudantes de Enfermagem. Métodos: a aplicação do LCJR-PT© foi precedida por tradução linguística ao português, baseando-se no método de traduçãoretradução. Este estudo psicométrico envolveu 32 estudantes de Enfermagem de um programa em Portugal. Os dados foram recolhidos mediante observações de dois observadores independentes durante o desempenho das práticas desenvolvidas pelos estudantes por meio dos cenários validados por peritos em simulação de alta e média fidelidade. Resultados: das 64 observações das práticas de estudantes de Enfermagem, o valor das correlações por intraclasse nos quatro aspectos do instrumento ultrapassou os 0,792. Identificou-se um alfa de Cronbach global na LCJR-PT© de 0,921 e 0,876 nos observadores 1 e 2, respectivamente, com um nível de concordância estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: a LCJR-PT© é um instrumento válido e confiável, demonstrando um alto potencial para seu uso na educação clínica e pesquisa em enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivos: traducir y validar transculturalmente el instrumento Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric© (LCJR©) para estudiantes de Enfermería. Métodos: aplicación del LCJR-PT© precedida por traducción lingüística al portugués, basándose en el método de traducción y retraducción. Estudio psicométrico involucró 32 estudiantes de Enfermería de un programa en Portugal. Datos recolectados mediante observaciones de dos observadores independientes durante el desempeño de prácticas desarrolladas por estudiantes mediante los escenarios validados por peritos en simulado de alta y mediana fidelidad. Resultados: de las 64 observaciones de prácticas de estudiantes de Enfermería, el valor de correlaciones por intraclase en los cuatro aspectos del instrumento sobrepasó 0,792. Identificado un alfa de Cronbach global en el LCJR-PT© de 0,921 y 0,876 en los observadores 1 y 2, respectivamente, con un nivel de concordancia estadísticamente significante. Conclusiones: el LCJR-PT© es un instrumento válido y confiable, demostrando un alto potencial para su uso en educación clínica e investigación en enfermería.

Clinical Decision-Making in Nursing Scale (CDMNS-PT©) in nursing students: translation and validation.

OBJECTIVES: to validate, for the Portuguese population, the Clinical Decision-Making Nursing Scale© (CDMNS©). METHODS: this methodological study involved 496 nursing students who filled in a questionnaire created using sociodemographic and academic data, and the scale to evaluate the making of decisions in nursing. RESULTS: the confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the adjustment of the factorial structure has good quality, being made up by three factors (X2/gl = 2.056; GFI = 0.927; CFI = 0.917; RMSEA = 0.046; RMR = 0.039; SRMR = 0.050). For the scale to be reliable, it had to include only the reliability of the scale required it to be constituted by 23 items, with correlation values that varied from 0.184 and 0.610, and a global Cronbach's Alpha of 0.851, which showed its good reliability. CONCLUSIONS: the CDMNS-PT© is valid and reliable, showing a high potential to be used in clinical practice and investigation.

Conhecimentos dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre suporte básico de vida / Nursing students' knowledge about basic life support / Conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el soporte vital básico

Resumo Enquadramento: Os conhecimentos sobre suporte básico de vida (SBV) em estudantes de enfermagem requerem competências técnicas (compressões e ventilações), mas também competências não técnicas (julgamento clínico e tomada de decisão). Objetivos: Avaliar as características sociodemográficas e académicas dos estudantes de enfermagem; avaliar os conhecimentos teóricos sobre SBV dos estudantes de enfermagem e relacionar as características sociodemográficas e académicas dos estudantes de enfermagem, com os seus conhecimentos teóricos sobre SBV. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, descritivo e correlacional, onde participaram 496 estudantes, selecionados através de uma técnica de amostragem não probabilística por conveniência em duas escolas do centro de Portugal. Resultados: Os estudantes evidenciam um bom nível de conhecimentos sobre SBV com uma média de 30,93 ± 2,29, numa escala de 0 a 37 pontos. Destacam-se muito bons conhecimentos sobre as condições de segurança, assim como das componentes técnicas de avaliação da via aérea, das compressões torácicas e ventilações. O nível de conhecimentos está relacionado com a idade, ano de licenciatura e experiência prática de SBV. Conclusão: Os estudantes apresentam um bom nível de conhecimentos sobre SBV.

Abstract Background: Knowledge about basic life support (BLS) in nursing students involves both technical skills (compressions and ventilations) and non-technical skills (clinical judgment and decision-making). Objectives: To assess nursing students' sociodemographic and academic characteristics; to assess nursing students' theoretical knowledge about BLS and analyze the association between nursing students' sociodemographic and academic characteristics and their theoretical knowledge about BLS. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, and correlational study with a sample of 496 nursing students selected using a nonprobability convenience sampling technique in two schools in the central region of Portugal. Results: Students demonstrated a good level of knowledge about BLS, with an average of 30.93 ± 2.29 on a scale from 0 to 37 points. They had a very good level of knowledge about safety conditions, the technical components of airway assessment, chest compressions, and ventilations. The level of knowledge is associated with age, year of undergraduate studies, and practical experience in BLS. Conclusion: Students have a good level of knowledge about BLS.

Resumen Marco contextual: Los conocimientos sobre el soporte vital básico (SVB) en los estudiantes de enfermería requieren competencias técnicas (compresiones y ventilaciones), pero también competencias no técnicas (juicio clínico y toma de decisiones). Objetivos: Evaluar las características sociodemográficas y académicas de los estudiantes de enfermería; evaluar los conocimientos teóricos de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el SVB, y relacionar las características sociodemográficas y académicas de los estudiantes de enfermería con sus conocimientos teóricos sobre el SVB. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y correlacional, con la participación de 496 estudiantes, seleccionados mediante una técnica de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia en dos escuelas del centro de Portugal. Resultados: Los estudiantes mostraron un buen nivel de conocimiento sobre el SVB, con una media de 30,93±2,29 en una escala de 0 a 37 puntos. Destaca un muy buen conocimiento de las condiciones de seguridad, así como de los componentes técnicos de la evaluación de las vías respiratorias, las compresiones torácicas y las ventilaciones. El nivel de conocimiento está relacionado con la edad, el año de graduación y la experiencia práctica en SVB. Conclusión: Los estudiantes tienen un buen nivel de conocimiento sobre el SVB.

Hope in a depression therapeutic group: a qualitative case study.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the perceptions of hope for people with depression in the context of a therapy group. METHODS: using a qualitative case study approach, a semi-structured in-depth interview and a self-report questionnaire were conducted with seven women with depression integrated in a therapy group at a Portuguese day-care psychiatric unit. Data collection and analysis used triangulation of sources. RESULTS: the participants evidenced hope founded on the positive experiences of the past with a strong affiliation component. Hope management is done fundamentally through the interpersonal relationships established between the members of the group, based on communicational patterns that are established on a regular basis, mediated by the group therapist. CONCLUSION: the therapy group functioned towards the reinforcement of hope in people who experience depression, and it works as a motivation to manage the implications of illness in the participants' life and health project.

Evaluation of fall risk factors present during institutionalization of elderly people / Evaluación de factores de riesgo de caídas durante la institucionalización del anciano / Avaliação dos fatores de risco de queda durante a institucionalização do idoso

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the development and validation of the Scale of Practices of Evaluation of Fall Risk Factors during Institutionalization of Elderly People and to describe the practices of evaluation of communication of fall risks to institutionalized elderly people. Methods: methodological study, which allowed construction and determination of the psychometric properties of the Scale of Practices of Evaluation of Fall Risk Factors during Institutionalization of Elderly People, which was carried out in six long-term care institutions for elderly people, in 2018. Results: the scale showed satisfactory internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.949. It was designed to have three dimensions: practices of evaluation of biophysiological risk factors; practices of communication and training; and practices of evaluation of risks related to elderly people's putting on clothing and footwear. Conclusions: the risk factors that had their value recognized were related to mobility. There is not proper recognition of the importance of information about fall risk factors and communication between elderly people and health teams during institutionalization.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir la construcción y validación de la escala de prácticas de evaluación de factores de riesgo de caídas durante la institucionalización del anciano, y describir las prácticas de evaluación y comunicación de riesgo de caídas al anciano institucionalizado. Método: estudio metodológico que permitió construir y determinar las propiedades psicométricas de las Escala de Prácticas de Evaluación de Riesgo de Caídas durante la institucionalización del anciano, realizado en seis hogares para ancianos, en 2018 Resultados: la escala muestra una consistencia interna de α=0,949 y 3 dimensiones: prácticas de evaluación de factores de riesgo biofisiológicos; prácticas de comunicación y formación; prácticas de evaluación de riesgos relativos a calzado y vestimenta del anciano. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo evaluados están asociados a la movilidad. Está infravalorada la información sobre factores de riesgo de caída durante la institucionalización, y la comunicación de los mismos en los equipos de trabajo.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever a construção e validação da escala de práticas de avaliação dos fatores de risco de queda durante a institucionalização do idoso e descrever as práticas de avaliação e comunicação do risco de queda aos idosos institucionalizados. Método: estudo metodológico, que possibilitou a construção e determinação das propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Práticas de Avaliação do Risco de Queda durante a Institucionalização da pessoa idosa, que decorreu em seis instituições de longa permanência para idosos, em 2018. Resultados: a escala apresenta uma consistência interna de α=0,949 e 3 dimensões: práticas de avaliação dos fatores de risco bio fisiológicos; práticas de comunicação e formação; práticas de avaliação do risco relacionados com o calçar e vestir do idoso. Conclusões: os fatores de risco valorizados estão associados à mobilidade. Há uma desvalorização da informação sobre os fatores de risco de queda, ao longo da institucionalização, e da comunicação dos mesmos nas equipes de trabalho.

Hope in a depression therapeutic group: a qualitative case study / Esperança num grupo terapêutico de doentes deprimidos: estudo de caso qualitative / Esperanza en un grupo terapéutico de pacientes deprimidos: un estudio de caso cualitativo

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the perceptions of hope for people with depression in the context of a therapy group. Methods: using a qualitative case study approach, a semi-structured in-depth interview and a self-report questionnaire were conducted with seven women with depression integrated in a therapy group at a Portuguese day-care psychiatric unit. Data collection and analysis used triangulation of sources. Results: the participants evidenced hope founded on the positive experiences of the past with a strong affiliation component. Hope management is done fundamentally through the interpersonal relationships established between the members of the group, based on communicational patterns that are established on a regular basis, mediated by the group therapist. Conclusion: the therapy group functioned towards the reinforcement of hope in people who experience depression, and it works as a motivation to manage the implications of illness in the participants' life and health project.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as percepções de esperança para pessoas com depressão no contexto de um grupo terapêutico. Métodos: Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa de estudo de caso, foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade e um questionário de autoavaliação com 7 mulheres com depressão integradas num grupo terapêutico num hospital de dia psiquiátrico português. Na coleta e análise de dados usou-se a triangulação de fontes. Resultados: Os participantes evidenciaram esperança alicerçada nas experiências positivas do passado com forte componente de afiliação. O gerenciamento da esperança é feito fundamentalmente por meio das relações interpessoais estabelecidas entre os membros do grupo, a partir de padrões comunicacionais que se estabelecem regularmente, mediados pelo terapeuta do grupo. Conclusão: O grupo terapêutico funcionou no sentido de reforçar a esperança nas pessoas que vivenciam depressão e funciona como uma motivação para gerir as implicações da doença no projeto de vida e saúde dos participantes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones de esperanza de las personas con depresión en el contexto de un grupo terapéutico. Métodos: Con un enfoque de estudio de caso cualitativo, se realizó una entrevista en profundidad semiestructurada y un cuestionario de autoinforme con 7 mujeres con depresión integradas en un grupo terapéutico en una unidad psiquiátrica de atención diurna portuguesa. La recopilación y el análisis de datos utilizan la triangulación de fuentes. Resultados: Los participantes evidenciaron esperanza fundada en las experiencias positivas del pasado con un fuerte componente de afiliación. La gestión de la esperanza se realiza fundamentalmente a través de las relaciones interpersonales que se establecen entre los miembros del grupo, basadas en patrones comunicacionales que se establecen de forma regular, mediada por el terapeuta de grupo. Conclusión: El grupo terapéutico funcionó para reforzar la esperanza en personas que experimentan depresión y funciona como una motivación para manejar las implicaciones de la enfermedad en el proyecto de vida y salud de los participantes.

Adolescent students attitudes towards sexuality: the construction and validation of a scale / Atitudes dos alunos adolescentes sobre a sexualidade: construção e validação de uma escala

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct a scale of adolescents' attitudes towards sexuality and to determine their psychometric characteristics. Methods: Methodological study conducted with 394 students from the 8th to 12th grades of a school in central Portugal. They answered a questionnaire consisting of the Adolescent Students' Attitude Scale for Sexuality (E3AS) and socio-demographic and academic data. The project received a favorable opinion from the National Data Protection Commission (authorization No. 10421/2017). Construct validity analysis was performed through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency was performed through Cronbach's alpha. A maximum error probability of 5% was considered. Results: The mean age of the sample was 14.9±1.4 years, with 53.3% being female. The instrument consisted of 34 items distributed into five factors: F1. Family planning and sex education (α=0.826); F2. First sexual relationship (α=0.819); F3. Violation of sexual rights and who to turn to in the event of unplanned pregnancies (α=0.695); F4. Gender expression and identity (α=0.542), and F5. Unplanned pregnancy and parenting (α= 0.761), with a total alpha value of 0.766, accounting for 45.3% of total variance. Conclusions: The psychometric adequacy of the E3AS for the Portuguese population allows us to affirm that it is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in future studies to assess the attitudes of adolescent students towards sexuality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir uma escala de atitudes dos adolescentes em face da sexualidade e determinar as suas caraterísticas psicométricas. Métodos: Estudo metodológico realizado com 394 alunos do 8º ao 12º ano de escolaridade de uma escola da região Centro de Portugal que responderam a um questionário constituído da Escala de Atitudes dos Alunos Adolescentes em face da Sexualidade e de dados sociodemográficos e acadêmicos. O projeto recebeu parecer favorável da Comissão Nacional de Proteção de Dados (autorização nº 10421/2017). Realizou-se a análise de validade do constructo, por análise fatorial exploratória, e de consistência interna, por alfa de Cronbach. Foi considerada probabilidade de erro máximo de 5%. Resultados: A média de idades da amostra foi de 14,9±1,4 anos, e 53,3% dos participantes eram do sexo feminino. O instrumento foi constituído de 34 itens distribuídos por cinco fatores: Fator 1. Planejamento familiar e educação sexual (α=0,826); Fator 2. Primeira relação sexual (α=0,819); Fator 3. Violação dos direitos sexuais e a quem recorrer na gravidez não planejada (α=0,695); Fator 4. Expressão e identidade de gênero (α=0,542); Fator 5. Gravidez não planejada e parentalidade (α=0,761). O valor do alfa total da escala foi 0,766, o que explica 45,3% da variância total. Conclusões: A adequação psicométrica da escala para a população portuguesa permite afirmar que se trata de um instrumento válido e confiável, que poderá ser utilizado em estudos futuros com o intuito de avaliar as atitudes dos alunos adolescentes em face da sexualidade.

Hope-based interventions in chronic disease: an integrative review in the light of Nightingale.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the available evidence in the scientific literature about the strategies or interventions used to promote hope in people with chronic diseases. METHOD: An integrative literature review of literature published between 2009-2019, which was conducted in online browsers/databases: b-On, EBSCO, PubMed, Medline, ISI, SciELO, PsycINFO, Google Scholar. Forty-one studies were found, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Most studies used a quantitative approach. There was a predominance of studies from Asia and America, addressing patients with multiple sclerosis, diabetes, congestive heart failure, and cancer. Hope-based interventions were categorized by the hope attributes: experiential process, spiritual/transcendence process, rational thought process, and relational process. CONCLUSION: Hope-based interventions, in its essence, are good clinical practices in the physical, psychological, social and spiritual domains. This is congruent with the vision of nursing, first proposed by Florence Nightingale. There seem to be gaps in the literature regarding specific hope promoting interventions.

Help2care: ehealth strategies for self care of users and caregivers based on Nightingale's work.

OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of design and implementation of the Help2Care (an ehealth program that aims to support informal caregivers of dependent people); and to identify its structure and functionality. METHODS: This is a Portuguese experience report about Help2Care, a practice-based action research project carried out between 2017 and 2019, having as a guiding axis Florence Nightingale's concepts about the relevance of the home-care environment. RESULTS: The Help2Care program revealed itself to be a valuable support tool for providing better healthcare learning, counselling, and assistance of the informal caregivers of dependent people. Different ehealth strategies were used to empower caregivers in self-care in order to have a safe transition between contexts of care at the time of patient discharge. CONCLUSION: Help2Care allows to inspire other ways of providing care, as well as a reduction in the readmission rate in health organizations for patients who reveal poor care support in home environments.

ADOLESCENT STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS SEXUALITY: THE CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF A SCALE.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a scale of adolescents' attitudes towards sexuality and to determine their psychometric characteristics. METHODS: Methodological study conducted with 394 students from the 8th to 12th grades of a school in central Portugal. They answered a questionnaire consisting of the Adolescent Students' Attitude Scale for Sexuality (E3AS) and socio-demographic and academic data. The project received a favorable opinion from the National Data Protection Commission (authorization No. 10421/2017). Construct validity analysis was performed through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency was performed through Cronbach's alpha. A maximum error probability of 5% was considered. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 14.9±1.4 years, with 53.3% being female. The instrument consisted of 34 items distributed into five factors: F1. Family planning and sex education (α=0.826); F2. First sexual relationship (α=0.819); F3. Violation of sexual rights and who to turn to in the event of unplanned pregnancies (α=0.695); F4. Gender expression and identity (α=0.542), and F5. Unplanned pregnancy and parenting (α= 0.761), with a total alpha value of 0.766, accounting for 45.3% of total variance. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric adequacy of the E3AS for the Portuguese population allows us to affirm that it is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in future studies to assess the attitudes of adolescent students towards sexuality.

Cuidador informal de pessoa dependente no autocuidado: fatores de sobrecarga / Informal caregiver of dependent person in self-care: burden-related factors / Cuidador informal de personas dependientes en el autocuidado: factores de sobrecarga

Enquadramento: As alterações societais conduziram ao crescendo das pessoas dependentes no autocuidado, com necessidade de apoio de um cuidador familiar/informal (CI). O desempenho deste papel pode conduzir à sobrecarga e exaustão. Objetivos: Avaliar a sobrecarga do CI da pessoa dependente e identificar fatores relacionados com essa sobrecarga. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal, numa amostra de conveniência de 164 CI de pessoas dependentes no autocuidado. O questionário incluiu dados da pessoa dependente: sociodemográficos e clínicos; e do cuidador: sociodemográficos, familiares, profissionais, experiência, informação recebida e sobrecarga (Escala de Zarit). Resultados: A maioria dos CI são mulheres (82,9%), vivem com a pessoa cuidada (70,1%), 62,2% têm ajuda para cuidar, gastando em média 105,65h (± 54)/semana. Mais de metade apresenta sobrecarga intensa (57,7; ± 13,9), relacionada com a preparação para o cuidar, áreas e tempo de dependência. Mais informação sobre a doença e como cuidar da pessoa dependente está relacionado com menores níveis de sobrecarga. Conclusão: Os CI evidenciam sobrecarga elevada e os fatores relacionados sugerem o investimento em intervenções preventivas por parte dos enfermeiros.

Introduction: Societal changes have led to an increasing number of people dependent for self-care, with the need for support from a family member/informal caregiver. The performance of this role can lead to burden and exhaustion. Objectives: To assess the burden of the dependent person's informal caregiver and to identify factors associated with caregiver burden. Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 164 informal caregivers of people dependent for self-care. The questionnaire included data on the dependent person (sociodemographic and clinical) and the caregiver (sociodemographic, family, professional, experience, information received, and burden using the Zarit Burden Interview). Results: Most caregivers were women (82.9%), living with the dependent person (70.1%), 62.2% of them had help and spent an average of 105.65 (± 54) hours/week in caring. More than half of the caregivers were severely burdened (57.7; ± 13.9), which was associated with the preparation to provide care and the areas and duration of dependence. More information about the illness and how to care for the dependent person were associated with lower levels of burden. Conclusion: The factors associated with the severe burden experienced by informal suggest that nurses should invest in preventive interventions.

Marco contextual: Los cambios sociales dieron lugar a un aumento de las personas dependientes en el autocuidado y, con ello, de la necesidad de apoyo de un cuidador familiar/informal (CI). El desempeño de esta función puede llevar a la sobrecarga y al agotamiento. Objetivos: Evaluar la sobrecarga del CI de la persona dependiente e identificar los factores relacionados con esta sobrecarga. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, sobre una muestra de conveniencia de 164 CI de personas dependientes en el autocuidado. El cuestionario incluyó datos de la persona dependiente: sociodemográficos y clínicos; y del cuidador: sociodemográficos, familiares, profesionales, experiencia, información recibida y sobrecarga (Escala de Zarit). Resultados: La mayoría de los CI son mujeres (82,9%), viven con la persona cuidada (70,1%), el 62,2% tiene ayuda para cuidados y gasta de media 105,65 h (± 54)/semana. Más de la mitad tiene una sobrecarga intensa (57,7; ± 13,9), relacionada con la preparación para el cuidado, las áreas y el tiempo de dependencia. Más información sobre la enfermedad y cómo cuidar a la persona dependiente está relacionada con niveles más bajos de sobrecarga. Conclusión: Los CI muestran una elevada sobrecarga y los factores relacionados sugieren invertir en intervenciones preventivas por parte de los enfermeros.

Interobserver analysis of safety practices and behaviors adopted by elderly people to prevent falls.

OBJECTIVE: determine the psychometric properties of the safety practices and behaviors dimension of the Scale of Practices and Behaviors of Institutionalized Elderly People to Prevent Falls in a sample of elderly people with cognitive decline. METHOD: methodological study, with a quantitative approach, to assess the psychometric properties of the mentioned scale in a sample with 102 elderly people with cognitive decline who lived in two long-term care institutions for the public in this age group. Internal consistency evaluation was carried out by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient; interobserver reliability was expressed by Cohen's kappa coefficient; and temporal stability, by obtaining Spearman correlation. Compliance with all ethical procedures was observed. RESULTS: the dimension of safety practices and behaviors showed α = 0.895 for its 11 items. Seven out of the 11 items reached good to excellent agreement among the experts for interobserver reliability. Kappa index values indicated that the instrument is valid and reliable. Safety practices and behaviors were influenced by institutionalization time, being at least 85 years old, and gait skills. CONCLUSION: the results pointed out that the instrument has good reproducibility and is valid and reliable, which allows its use in clinical practice in elderly people with cognitive decline as well as in research.

Knowledge of Forensic Nursing Practices: Efficacy of an Intervention for Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND: Forensic science has become increasingly relevant to health professionals' roles in preserving trace evidence when crimes have been committed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of a structured intervention to improve nursing students' knowledge of forensic nursing practices. METHODS: A pretest/posttest quasi-experimental study, without a control group, was conducted. A nonprobabilistic sample of students from the third and fourth years of a nursing degree program took part in the study. The General Questionnaire on Forensic Nursing and the Questionnaire on Knowledge of Forensic Nursing Practices were administered before and after a structured intervention. RESULTS: Eighty-seven students (mean age of 22.8 ± 3.9 years) took part in the study. Of the participants, 85.7% were female, 98.8% claimed they had not received training in forensic nursing during their degree, and 97.6% reported that they did not have contact with situations that involved the collection and preservation of forensic evidence during their internships. As for their knowledge of forensic practices, out of a total of 74 questions, the number of right answers after the course (69.15 ± 3.05) was higher than the result obtained previously (62.95 ± 4.47). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01), leading to the conclusion that the structured intervention was effective in improving knowledge of forensic nursing practices. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated the importance of specific training in forensic nursing and support the conclusion that a curricular unit in this area should be developed for inclusion in nursing degree curricula.

Effects of an education program on knowledge and self-perception of school personnel in preparing to care for type 1 diabetes students.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the academic and professional background of school personnel; to assess the impact of the Diabetes + Support given by School Personnel to Children with Type 1 Diabetes Program on the school personnel's knowledge and confidence to support students with type 1 diabetes; to compare their level of knowledge with the academic and professional variables of the school personnel. METHODS: A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study design without a Control Group. Study with a sample of 129 (before intervention - T0) and 113 (after intervention - T1) pre-school to secondary school personnel from participating schools, with at least one student with type 1 diabetes. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Portuguese Ministry of Education. RESULTS: Most school personnel included in the study were teachers (51.2%). After training, they were more confident than before to support children with type 1 diabetes (p<0.05). Regarding knowledge levels, the differences between T0 (10.8±2.8; P 50 =11) and T1 (13.7±2.1; P 50 =11) were statistically significant (p<0.001). Of the 113 school personnel who participated in the final assessment, 89 (78.85%) increased their level of knowledge. CONCLUSION: The program was effective to enhance knowledge and boost confidence to support students with diabetes.

Violence in intimate relationships in adolescents: effectiveness of an intervention by peers through forum theater.

OBJECTIVE: The main goal was the peer evaluation of the effectiveness of a health education intervention, also seeking the characterization of violent behaviors experienced by teens in intimate relationships. METHOD: A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was performed with a non-probabilistic sample of 197 teens of both genders without control group. The intervention performed consisted of one peer-run forum theater session about intimate violence in dating relationships of teens. RESULTS: Boys reported being both victims and perpetrators of violent behaviors more frequently than girls. The sample reported more behaviors associated with victimization than perpetration. Girls showed a higher level of knowledge on the topic and this knowledge increased after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Psychological violence is highly prevalent in dating relationships, particularly in cases of victimization. It seems essential to understand and act upon adolescents' perceptions about what violent behavior is. This study confirmed the effectiveness of health education in acquiring knowledge on this topic.

Dependent person in self-care: analysis of care needs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the self-care dependency levels of the dependent person at the time of home discharge and its relationship between (1) the degree of dependency of each self-care domain; (2) the previous dependency levels; and (3) the gender of the dependent person. It also aims to assess the relationship between the degree of dependency of each self-care domain, the length of admission, the length of dependency and the age of the dependent person at the time of discharge. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample comprised hospitalised adults and elderly in the medical services of a Portuguese hospital during the months of March, April and May of 2018. The data were collected by an interview conducted at the time of home discharge from the hospital medical ward. RESULTS: The average age of dependent people of the sample is 80.7 years (±10.1) with the majority being women (51.7%), with no statistical difference in the mean age according to gender (U = 2205.500; p > 0.05). They were hospitalised on average 11.4 days (±33.2), most of them (44.0%) due to respiratory problems (85% of which were due to pneumonia). There were no statistically significant differences between the length of the hospital stay, the length of dependency and the participants' gender (U = 2200.500, p > 0.05; U = 1688.000, p > 0.05). Medication intake was the highest dependency domain amongst participants (41.3%), followed by instrumental activities of daily living (40.6%) and bathing (39.9%). CONCLUSION: The amount of support required may vary according to the domain that the person is dependent. Thus, it is important to use a robust and reliable assessment tool that will be able to assess the degree of dependency on the various domains of self-care.

Help2care: ehealth strategies for self care of users and caregivers based on Nightingales work / Help2care: estratégias ehealth de autocuidado para usuários e cuidadores baseadas no trabalho de Nightingale / Help2care: estrategias eSalud de autocuidado para usuarios y cuidadores basadas en el trabajo de Nightingale

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the experience of design and implementation of the Help2Care (an ehealth program that aims to support informal caregivers of dependent people); and to identify its structure and functionality. Methods: This is a Portuguese experience report about Help2Care, a practice-based action research project carried out between 2017 and 2019, having as a guiding axis Florence Nightingale's concepts about the relevance of the home-care environment. Results: The Help2Care program revealed itself to be a valuable support tool for providing better healthcare learning, counselling, and assistance of the informal caregivers of dependent people. Different ehealth strategies were used to empower caregivers in self-care in order to have a safe transition between contexts of care at the time of patient discharge. Conclusion: Help2Care allows to inspire other ways of providing care, as well as a reduction in the readmission rate in health organizations for patients who reveal poor care support in home environments.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar a experiência sobre o desenho e implementação do Help2Care (um programa de eSaúde que visa apoiar os cuidadores informais de pessoas dependentes); e identificar a sua estrutura e funcionalidade. Método: Este é um relato de experiência Portuguesa sobre o Help2Care, um projeto de pesquisa-ação (2017-2019), tendo como eixo orientador os conceitos de Florence Nightingale sobre a relevância do ambiente de atendimento domiciliar. Resultados: O programa Help2Care revelou ser uma valiosa ferramenta de apoio para um melhor aprendizado, aconselhamento e assistência dos cuidadores informais de pessoas dependentes. Diferentes estratégias de eSaúde foram utilizadas para capacitar o cuidador no autocuidado, a fim de ter uma transição segura entre contextos de saúde no momento da alta do paciente. Conclusão: O Help2Care permite inspirar outras formas de prestar cuidados, bem como uma redução na taxa de readmissão nas organizações de saúde para pacientes que revelam insuficiente apoio de cuidados em ambientes domiciliares.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia sobre el dibujo e implementación del Help2Care (un programa de eSalud que objetiva apoyar los cuidadores informales de personas dependientes); y identificar su estructura y funcionalidad. Métodos: Esta es una declaración de experiencia Portuguesa acerca del Help2Care, un proyecto de investigación-acción (2017-2019), con los conceptos de Florence Nightingale sobre la relevancia del ambiente de atención domiciliaria. Resultados: El programa Help2Care demostró ser una valiosa herramienta de apoyo para un mejor aprendizaje, asesoramiento y asistencia a los cuidadores informales de personas dependientes. Se utilizaron diferentes estrategias de eSalud para capacitar a los cuidadores en el autocuidado, para tener una transición segura entre los contextos de salud después del alta del paciente. Conclusión: El Help2Care permite inspirar otras formas de proporcionar atención, así como una reducción en la tasa de reingresos en organizaciones de salud para pacientes que revelan apoyo insuficiente en su casa.