The relations of child adiposity with parent-to-child and parent-to-parent hostility.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate (1) the association of child adiposity with parent-to-child and parent-to-parent hostility, (2) the mediation of these associations by dietary behaviours and (3) moderation by gender. DESIGN: One hundred thirty-five couples with 6- to 14-year-old children completed measures of emotional and physical aggression, overreactive discipline and child diet. Parent-to-parent hostility was also coded from laboratory observations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Child adiposity was a combination of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS: Mother-to-child hostility was associated with child adiposity. This association was concentrated in boys and was not significantly explained by child dietary factors. Mother-to-father hostility was not significantly associated with boys' or girls' adiposity. Girls' adiposity was not significantly associated with family hostility. Fathers' hostility was not linked to child adiposity. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to take a family-level approach to understanding the relation of hostility to child adiposity by examining relations among adiposity and both mothers' and fathers' hostility directed toward one another and toward their children. Our findings highlight the potential role played by mothers' emotional hostility in boys' adiposity and suggest that, if this role is further substantiated, mother-son emotional hostility may be a promising target for the prevention of child obesity.

Prospective memory and glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Prospective memory is that memory which is required to carry out intended actions and is therefore essential in carrying out the daily activities required in the self-management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study aimed to identify the relationships between prospective memory and diabetic control in children with T1DM. METHOD: 94 children aged 6-18 years with T1DM completed an innovative prospective memory screen, PROMS, and a series of cognitive tests. Parents answered questionnaires about their children's diabetic histories and cognitive skills. RESULTS: No association between total PROMS score and glycemic control was found. Lower HbA1C was associated with higher (better) scores on the 20 minute event-based task on the PROMS. Parental concerns about working memory and metacognition in their children were mirrored by higher HbA1C. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that there may be an association between glycemic control and prospective memory for event based tasks. Additional studies need to be done to determine reproducibility, causality, and if prospective memory based interventions can improve diabetic control.

Psychosocial correlates of HIV sexual protective behavior among Puerto Rican women residing in the Bronx, New York.

In this study, correlates of HIV sexual protective behavior, in the form of condom use, were examined within a population of urban women identified as at increased heterosexual risk for HIV infection. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to analyze data collected via structured interviews for 187 Puerto Rican women recruited from the waiting areas of a comprehensive health clinic in the Bronx, New York. Increased condom use with primary partners was associated with higher levels of mastery, more non-Hispanic acculturation, and greater adherence to traditional female gender roles. Increased condom use with nonprimary partners was associated with higher HIV/AIDS prevention self-efficacy. Thus, primary versus nonprimary relationships appeared to represent distinct contexts for HIV sexual risk behavior, with implications for different intervention strategies based upon relationship contexts for Latina women.

Impact of body mass index on the effectiveness of a disease management-health promotion intervention on disability status.

PURPOSE: To examine the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the effectiveness of a disease management-health promotion intervention among community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries with disabilities. DESIGN: Secondary data analyses of a randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS: Nineteen counties in upstate New York and on the West Virginia-Ohio border. SUBJECTS: Four hundred fifty-two Medicare beneficiaries who participated in the Medicare Primary and Consumer-Directed Care Demonstration between August 1998 and June 2002 and completed the 22-month follow-up. INTERVENTION: Multicomponent disease management-health promotion intervention involving patient education, individualized health promotion coaching, medication management, and physician care management. MEASURES: Body mass index and dependence in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). ANALYSIS: Multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: The intervention resulted in significantly less worsening in ADLs dependence among normal-weight participants (coefficient, -.42; p = .04). However, the intervention did not have a significant effect for underweight participants (F test p = .33 vs. underweight participants in the control group) or overweight or obese participants (F test p = .78 vs. overweight or obese participants in the control group). CONCLUSIONS: A positive effect of the intervention on disability was found among normal-weight participants but not among underweight or overweight or obese participants. Future health promotion interventions should take into consideration the influence of BMI categories on treatment effects.

Stress and body mass index each contributes independently to tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in prepubescent Latino children.

This investigation extended prior work by determining if stress and body mass index (BMI) contributed independently to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels among prepubescent Latino children and if sex and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) modified these relationships. Data were collected in South Florida from 112 nondiabetic school-aged Hispanic children, of whom 43.8% were obese (BMI >/= 95th percentile) and 51.8% presented with a family history of T2DM. Stressful life events were assessed via parental report using a life events scale. Plasma TNF-alpha levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relative contributions of stress and BMI with TNF-alpha levels and the potential interaction effects of sex and family history of T2DM were analyzed with multiple linear regression analyses. Stress and BMI each accounted for a significant proportion of the unique variance associated with TNF-alpha. The association between stress and TNF-alpha was not modified by sex or family history of T2DM. These findings implicate BMI and stress as independent determinants of TNF-alpha (an inflammatory cytokine and adipocytokine) among Latino children. Future investigations should examine the potential roles of exercise, nutritional status, age, and growth hormone in explicating the relationship between TNF-alpha production and psychosocial distress and risk for infection among obese children.

Urban-rural differences in the effect of a Medicare health promotion and disease self-management program on physical function and health care expenditures.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a multicomponent health promotion and disease self-management intervention on physical function and health care expenditures among Medicare beneficiaries. To determine if these outcomes vary by urban or rural residence. DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed data from a 22-month randomized controlled trial of a health promotion/disease self-management program that included 766 elderly Medicare beneficiaries from western New York, West Virginia, and Ohio. Physical function was measured by changes in self-reported dependencies in activities of daily living over the study period. Total health care expenditures were measured by aggregating expenditures from major sources (acute, postacute, and long-term care). We used ordinary least squares models to examine the effects of the intervention on both physical function and cost outcomes during the 22-month period. RESULTS: The results indicated that the intervention reduced physical functional decline by 54% (p = .03) in the study sample. Stratified analyses showed that the intervention effect was much stronger in the rural sample. Mean total health care expenditures were 11% ($3,100, p = .30) lower in the intervention group. The effects of the intervention on average health care expenditures were similar among urban and rural participants. IMPLICATIONS: The intervention offered a promising strategy for reducing decline in physical function and potentially lowering total health care expenditures for high-risk Medicare beneficiaries, especially for those in rural areas. Future studies need to investigate whether the findings can be replicated in other types of rural areas through a refined intervention and better targeting of the study population.

Social Support Mediates Loneliness and Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV-6) Antibody Titers.

The current study investigated the impact of a severe environmental stressor and the role that declining social integration played in mediating its effect on loneliness and immune status. Increased loneliness and decreased social support in the months following the stressor (storm) were significantly associated with increased HHV-6 antibody titers, reflecting poorer control over the virus. Poorer social integration mediated the relationship between loneliness and HHV-6, even after controlling for nonspecific polyclonal B-cell activation, disease status (CD3+CD4+ cell counts), living arrangements, acute social losses (bereavement), and potential disruptions in social-support resources. These findings suggest that specific elements of social support may explain the oft-noted negative effects of loneliness on the immune system, and generalized to a medically vulnerable population.

HIV sexual risk behavior among Puerto Rican women.

We examined the association of primary or nonprimary sexual partner relationship status on sexual risk behaviors, including condom use, among Latina women who are at self-disclosed increased heterosexual risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Data were collected via structured interviews of 187 Puerto Rican women, aged 18-35, who attended a health clinic in the Bronx, New York. Approximately 13% of participants reported sexual activities with both primary and nonprimary sexual partners during the 6 months prior to the interview. Primary or nonprimary sexual partner status was associated with significant differences in frequency of condom use during anal sex and oral-penile sex, with more frequent condom use reported during these sexual activities with nonprimary sexual partners. Thus, potential contextual differences associated with primary or nonprimary relationship status may represent important factors to consider when designing interventions to facilitate HIV-protective behaviors among populations of urban women identified at increased heterosexual risk for HIV infection.

Employment, Social Support, and HIV Sexual-Risk Behavior in Puerto Rican Women.

This study examined psychosocial factors associated with HIV-risk behavior among Latina women at self-disclosed heterosexual risk for HIV infection. Data were collected via structured interviews for 187 Puerto Rican women, aged 18-35, who attended a health clinic in the Bronx, New York. Over 64% of all participants reported unprotected vaginal sex with primary sexual partners. Higher levels of unprotected vaginal sex were associated with living with the partner, residing with children, current employment, heightened negative mood, and greater social support from the partner. The relationship between increased negative mood and increased unprotected vaginal sex use was mediated by employment, after controlling for educational level, living with the partner, and residing with children. The findings suggest that interventions designed to facilitate HIV-protective behaviors may need to consider that employment may supercede relationship factors among populations of urban women identified at increased heterosexual risk for HIV infection.

Heterosexual Risk for HIV Among Puerto Rican Women: Does Power Influence Self-Protective Behavior?

Lack of power in relationships has been offered as an explanation for why women do not always engage in safer sex behavior with male partners. However, few studies have empirically tested the association between power and self-protective behavior. Causal modeling procedures were used to examine the interrelations of seven measures of power and to examine the effects of power on women's HIV-related communication and condom use with male partners. Power was measured by education, employment, decision making, perceived alternatives to the relationship, commitment to the relationship, investment in the relationship, and absence of abuse in the relationship. The sample comprised 187 Puerto Rican women, aged 18-35 years, attending a comprehensive health clinic in the Bronx, New York, who were at risk for heterosexual transmission of HIV. Women who were currently employed and those who were more committed to their relationships reported less HIV-related communication. Condom use was predicted by shorter length of the relationship, more education, current employment, less investment in the relationship, and more HIV-related communication.