Knowledge, Awareness and Practice towards Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Globally prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer among men and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in a developing country, which is mainly due to lack of knowledge and awareness regarding the screening of prostate cancer. The main objective of this review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the knowledge, awareness and practice of adult men about prostate cancer. Method: An extensive literature search was performed on studies published between January 2000 to 2021. The systematic review initially yielded 137 studies, out of which 7 studies were covered on this meta-evaluation. Result: We noted that the pooled estimate of knowledge and awareness were respectively 65% [CI: 29%, 100%], and 74% [CI: 66%, 82%] about prostate cancer. However, there were limited practices noted in screening of prostate cancer. Conclusion: In order to increase the awareness and screening practice rate for prostate cancer, an improved health education is highly recommended.

Knowledge of Medical Imaging Professionals on Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a significant concern for both healthcare professionals and patients. With recent advances in imaging modalities, there is an increase in patients visiting the radiology department for diagnosis and therapeutic examination. The equipment used for the investigator is contaminated, which may result in HCAIs to the patients and healthcare professionals. Medical imaging professionals (MIPs) should have adequate knowledge to overcome the spread of infection in the radiology department. This systematic review aimed to examine the literature on the knowledge and precaution standard of MIPs on HCIAs. This study was performed with a relative keyword using PRISMA guidelines. The articles were retrieved from 2000 to 2022 using Scopus, PubMed, and ProQuest databases. The NICE public health guidance manual was used to assess the quality of the full-length article. The search yielded 262 articles, of which Scopus published 13 articles, PubMed published 179 articles, and ProQuest published 55 articles. In the present review, out of 262 articles, only 5 fulfilled the criteria that reported MIPs' knowledge of Jordan, Egypt, Sri Lanka, France, and Malawi populations. The present review reported that MIPs have moderate knowledge and precautionary standards regarding HCIAs in the radiology department. However, due to the limited studies published in the literature, the current review limits the application of the outcome in the vast MIPs population. This review recommended further studies to be conducted among the MIPs worldwide to know the actual knowledge and precaution standards regarding HCIAs.

Development and Validation of a Tool to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Women Towards Screening Mammography.

Background: Breast cancer is a major public health concern in both developing and developed countries. The mortality rate of breast cancer is high in India due to late detection, and lack of knowledge about the screening mammography. The objective of this study was to develop and establish the psychometric properties of the tool. Method: A qualitative method was used to carry out the development and validation of a tool to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of women towards screening mammography using a cross-sectional study design. Data analyzed using the SPSS 16 were descriptive, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to standardize the tool. Results: The pilot test, content validity, and internal consistency reliability of the final 25 items were found to be highly adequate. Intra- class correlations of this questionnaire were considered acceptable. Cronbach's alpha score was 0.825. Conclusion: A valid scale has been developed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and perception of women toward screening mammography. The scale is adequately responsive to test the knowledge and possesses strong internal consistency. Lack of knowledge among the general population about the screening mammography. It is recommended to conduct an educational program to enhance knowledge about screening mammography. The questionnaires can be used for evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and perception of women toward screening mammography. Broadening the concept for further questionnaires tool development of knowledge, attitude, and perception of women towards screening mammography in other geographical areas.

Comparison of Conventional Techniques and Higher Imaging Modalities in the Evaluation of Relation between the Third Molar and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Canal: A Pilot Study.

CONTEXT: Mandibular third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth, and their surgical removal can be associated with inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. To avoid the deleterious complication of nerve injury on patients, a thorough visualization of IAN and its localization are essential. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aims and objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of two conventional localization techniques in determining the relationship of mandibular third molars to IAN and to assess its reliability in comparison with computed tomography (CT). SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Panoramic radiograph (PR) was taken using Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric system. Intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPAs) were taken using Kodak 2200 Intraoral X-ray machine. CT scan images were taken using multidetector CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two IOPAs (0° and -20° vertical angulation) and PR and CT scan images of thirty mandibular third molars were taken. Two combinations were used (i) a combination of two IOPAs and (ii) a combination of PR and IOPA (-20°). Tube-shift localization technique was applied to both these combinations to derive the relation between third molar and IAN canal as "in contact," "separate," "buccal," "lingual," and "in line with the apex" and the results were compared with CT images. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated using SPSS software version 15.0. RESULTS: The combination of PR and IOPA radiographs showed 14 teeth to be in contact with IAN. This gave a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 94.1%, PPV of 92.9%, and a NPV of 100% in determining the relation as "in contact" or "separate." 78.3%, 85.7%, 94.7%, and 54.5% were the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV in localizing it as "buccal," "lingual," or "in line with apex." These results were better than that of the combination of the two IOPAs. CONCLUSIONS: Localization using PR and IOPA could better deduce the relation between IAN and mandibular third molar.

An Evaluation of Dental Crowding in Relation to the Mesiodistal Crown Widths and Arch Dimensions in Southern Indian Population.

INTRODUCTION: With the advancement in imaging technology, 3D dental computed tomography plays a very significant role in orthodontic treatment and diagnosis. AIM: To evaluate dental crowding in relation to the mesiodistal crown widths and arch dimensions and also to determine the differences of dental crowding among males and females, in Southern Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 132 subjects were divided into two groups: crowded and non-crowded, each comprising 66 subjects (33 males and 33 females), aged between 15 and 35 years, who were referred for computed tomography scan of brain to the radiology department, were selected. During the scan both the jaws were included in the image. The 2D images were converted to 3D images using volume rendering software. By using measurement tool, individual and collective mesiodistal crown widths of canine, first and second premolar and first molar and arch perimeter of both the maxillary and mandibular jaws were measured. RESULTS: When both the gender were considered, the mesiodistal crown widths and arch perimeter were statistically significant for dental crowding in both mandibular jaw (p-value=0.001 for both mesiodistal crown width and arch perimeter) and maxillary jaw (p-value=0.016 for mesiodistal crown width and 0.002 for arch perimeter). However, when analysed separately, in males the mesiodistal crown widths and arch perimeter were statistically significant for dental crowding in both mandibular jaw (p-value=0.001 for mesiodistal crown width and 0.002 for arch perimeter) and maxillary jaw (p-value=0.002 for mesiodistal crown width and 0.001 for arch perimeter) but in females it was not statistically significant in any jaw (p-value=0.7 for mesiodistal crown width and 0.06 for arch perimeter in mandibular jaw and p-value=0.2 for mesiodistal crown width and 0.9 for arch perimeter for maxillary jaw). The crowded group had larger tooth size and smaller arch perimeter. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that in males, both the factors i.e., mesiodistal crown width and arch dimensions contributed to dental crowding and the crowded dentition had larger mesiodistal tooth size and smaller arch dimensions; whereas, in females both the factors were not responsible for crowding in Southern Indian population.