Success of sports organizations and correlation with efficiency and leadership style / éxito de las organizaciones deportivas y correlación con eficiencia y estilo de liderazgo / Sucesso de organizações esportivas e correlação com eficiência e estilo de liderança

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this research is to determine how managers evaluate the success of sports organizations. Methods: A system of a total of 119 variables (9 variables of the structure of sports organizations, 7 variables of the management structure of sports organizations, 3 variables of the performance of sports organizations, 45 variables of leadership styles and 55 variables of organizational effectiveness) was applied to a sample of 175 respondents aged 19-66. In the research, we used multiple regression analysis. Results: It was found that there is a statistically significant influence of the management of sports organizations on predicting the success of sports organizations, while organizational effectiveness and leadership styles do not have a significant impact. Conclusion: The success of sports organizations can be predicted based on the characteristics of the management of sports organizations. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Examination of Results.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar cómo los directivos evalúan el éxito de las organizaciones deportivas. Métodos: Sistema de un total de 119 variables (9 variables de estructura de organizaciones deportivas, 7 variables de estructura de gestión de organizaciones deportivas, 3 variables de desempeño de organizaciones deportivas, 45 variables de estilos de liderazgo y 55 variables de eficacia organizacional) se aplicó a una muestra de 175 encuestados de entre 19 y 66 años. En la investigación, utilizamos análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Se encontró que existe una influencia estadísticamente significativa de la gestión de las organizaciones deportivas en la predicción del éxito de las organizaciones deportivas, mientras que la eficacia organizacional y los estilos de liderazgo no tienen una influencia significativa. Conclusiõn: El éxito de las organizaciones deportivas se puede predecir en base a las características de la gestión de las Organizaciones deportivas. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios Terapéuticos - Examen de los Resultados.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar como os gerentes avaliam o sucesso das organizações esportivas. Métodos: Um sistema com um total de 119 variáveis (9 variáveis da estrutura das organizações desportivas, 7 variáveis da estrutura de gestão das organizações desportivas, 3 variáveis do desempenho das organizações desportivas, 45 variáveis dos estilos de liderança e 55 variáveis da eficácia organizacional) foi aplicado a uma amostra de 175 entrevistados com idades entre 19 e 66 anos. Na pesquisa, utilizamos a análise de regressão múltipla. Resultados: Verificou-se que existe uma influência estatisticamente significativa da gestão das organizações desportivas na previsão do sucesso das organizações desportivas, enquanto a eficácia organizacional e os estilos de liderança não têm influência significativa. Conclusão: O sucesso das organizações esportivas pode ser previsto com base nas características da gestão das organizações esportivas. Nível de Evidencia II; Estudios Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados.

Impact of morphological characteristics and motor skills when performing gyaku tsuki / Impacto de las características morfológicas y de las destrezas motoras al realizar gyaku tsuki / Impacto das características morfológicas e das habilidades motoras ao realizar gyaku tsuki

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine the influence of morphology on karate characteristics and basic motor skills for the criterion variable counter-punch (gyako zuki) in boys, after a two-year training program. Methods A system of 25 variables (12 morphological, 12 motor, and one situational (gyako zuki)) was applied in a sample of 82 karatists, aged 10 to 14 years. Data were processed using regression analysis. Results Body weight had a statistically significant influence on the criterion variable in the initial measurement, as well as on the triceps and back skinfolds in the final measurement. In the motor space, semi-squat endurance had a significant impact on both initial and final measurements. In the reduced system, triple jump, half-squat endurance, and long jump impacted the initial measurement, while the 30-second torso lift, hyperextension on the bench, and semi-squat endurance impacted the final measurement. Conclusion From the data obtained, it can be concluded that the counter-punch (gyako zuki) performance results were better in participants with higher body weight, longer arms, less subcutaneous upper arm and back fat, greater static and explosive power in the lower limbs, and greater hamstring and spine flexibility. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the results.

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de las características morfológicas y de las habilidades motoras básicas en la variable criterio contraataque con la mano (gyako tsuki) en niños practicantes de kárate durante un programa de entrenamiento de dos años. Métodos Se aplicaron un total de 25 variables (12 morfológicas, 12 motoras y una situacional [gyako zuki]) a una muestra de 82 practicantes de kárate con edades entre 10 y 14 años. Los datos se procesaron mediante análisis de regresión. Resultados El peso corporal tuvo una influencia estadísticamente significativa en la variable criterio durante la medición inicial, así como en los pliegues cutáneos del tríceps y del dorso en la medición final. En el espacio motor, la resistencia en la media sentadilla tuvo un impacto significativo en las mediciones iniciales y finales. En el sistema reducido, el triple salto, la resistencia en la media sentadilla y el salto de longitud tuvieron impacto en la medición inicial, mientras que la elevación del tronco en 30 segundos, la hiperextensión en mesa y la resistencia en la media sentadilla tuvieron impacto en la medición final. Conclusiones A partir de los datos obtenidos, se puede concluir que los resultados de desempeño de la contraataque con la mano (gyako zuki) fueron mejores en los individuos con mayor peso corporal, brazos más largos, menos grasa subcutánea en el brazo y la espalda, más potencia estática y explosiva en los miembros inferiores y mayor flexibilidad en los isquiotibiales y la columna vertebral . Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência das características morfológicas e habilidades motoras básicas na variável critério contra-golpe com a mão (gyako zuki) em meninos lutadores de karatê depois de um programa de treinamento de dois anos. Métodos Em uma amostra de 82 lutadores de karatê com idades entre 10 a 14 anos, foi aplicado um sistema de 25 variáveis (12 morfológicas, 12 motoras e uma situacional [gyako zuki]). Os dados foram processados por meio de análise de regressão. Resultados O peso corporal teve influência estatisticamente significativa sobre a variável critério na medição inicial, assim como nas dobras cutâneas triciptais e dorsais na medição final. No espaço motor, a resistência no meio agachamento teve impacto significativo nas medidas iniciais e finais. No sistema reduzido, salto triplo, resistência no meio agachamento e salto em distância tiveram impacto na medição inicial, enquanto elevação de tronco em 30 segundos, hiperextensão em mesa e resistência no meio agachamento tiveram impacto sobre a medição final. Conclusões A partir dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os resultados de desempenho do contra-golpe com a mão (gyako zuki) foram melhores nos indivíduos com maior peso corporal, com braços mais longos, menos gordura subcutânea no braço e nas costas, maior poder estático e explosivo nos membros inferiores e maior flexibilidade nos músculos isquiotibiais e na coluna vertebral. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

How does the increase of body mass and ageing affect sprinter's results in a 100 m run? / ¿Cómo afecta el aumento de la masa corporal y el envejecimiento a los resultados del velocista en una carrera de 100 m?

SUMMARY: The career of a sprinter is analyzed with U. Bolt achievements as an example. The effects of the increase of body mass and ageing are discussed within the framework of the polynomial models for the velocity, muscular isometric force and age. The analysis presented demonstrates the influence of the BM factor in analyzed racing. The nonlinear increase of the BM for 9 kg in the period 2009 - 2017 in was one of the reasons of Bolt's unsuccessful attempt to repeat or confirm the time 9.58 s. Another limiting factor was the fact that due to the age, Bolt was not able to increase isometric muscular force which, after the year of maximal efficiency (2009) decreased.

RESUMEN: La carrera de un velocista se analiza con los logros de U. Bolt como ejemplo. Los efectos del aumento de la masa corporal y el envejecimiento se discuten en el marco de los modelos polinomiales de velocidad, fuerza isométrica muscular y edad. El análisis presentado demuestra la influencia del factor MC en el análisis en las carreras. El aumento no lineal de la MC para 9 kg en el período 2009 - 2017 fue una de las razones del intento fallido de Bolt de repetir o confirmar el tiempo 9,58 s. Otro factor limitante fue el hecho de que debido a la edad, Bolt no fue capaz de aumentar la fuerza muscular isométrica que disminuyó luego del año de máxima eficiencia (2009).

Evaluation of The Final Time and Velocity of a 100 m Run Under the Realistic Conditions.

The aim of the research was to provide an analytical expression for the final time and velocity at the 100 m run, taking into account realistic conditions of the run, more precisely the effect of the wind and resistance of the medium (air). Combining the polynomial model for the distance vs time with the solution of the algebraic cubic equation, such an analytical expression was derived. The expression allowed to evaluate the dependence of the final time of the race on the wind velocity. This enabled the quantification of the time effect of the mentioned influences on the final time and velocity. It is possible to calculate the dependence of the sprinter's velocity on expired running time for various wind velocities (from 0 up to ± 10 m/s) as well as determine the maximal running velocity vmax and corresponding time moment tmax. The results obtained were verified using split time data for six top sprinters: C. Lewis, M. Green, U. Bolt and F. Griffith-Joyner, E. Ashford and H. Drechsler. The results confirmed that it was possible to quantify the time effect of the influence of the wind velocity and resistance of the medium on the final time of the 100 m run. Although the applicability of the approach was tested using the data concerning top sprinters, the mathematical expressions involved are simple enough to be used by any coach to estimate the results of a sprinter under various weather conditions.

A Model for Determining the Effect of the Wind Velocity on 100 m Sprinting Performance.

This paper introduces an equation for determining instantaneous and final velocity of a sprinter in a 100 m run completed with a wind resistance ranging from 0.1 to 4.5 m/s. The validity of the equation was verified using the data of three world class sprinters: Carl Lewis, Maurice Green, and Usain Bolt. For the given constant wind velocity with the values + 0.9 and + 1.1 m/s, the wind contribution to the change of sprinter velocity was the same for the maximum as well as for the final velocity. This study assessed how the effect of the wind velocity influenced the change of sprinting velocity. The analysis led to the conclusion that the official limit of safely neglecting the wind influence could be chosen as 1 m/s instead of 2 m/s, if the velocity were presented using three, instead of two decimal digits. This implies that wind velocity should be rounded off to two decimal places instead of the present practice of one decimal place. In particular, the results indicated that the influence of wind on the change of sprinting velocity in the range of up to 2 m/s and was of order of magnitude of 10-3 m/s. This proves that the IAAF Competition Rules correctly neglect the influence of the wind with regard to such velocities. However, for the wind velocity over 2 m/s, the wind influence is of order 10-2 m/s and cannot be neglected.

Model for assessment of the velocity and force at the start of sprint race.

A mathematical model was developed for the assessment of the starting velocity and initial velocity and force of a 100-m sprint, based on a non-homogeneous differential equation with the air resistance proportional to the velocity, and the initial conditions for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]The use of this model requires the measurement of reaction time and segmental velocities over the course of the race. The model was validated by comparison with the data obtained from 100-m sprints of men: Carl Lewis (1988), Maurice Green (2001) and Usain Bolt (2009), and women: Florence Griffith-Joyner, Evelyn Ashford and Drechsler Heike (1988) showing a high level of agreement. Combined with the previous work of the authors, the present model allows for the assessment of important physical abilities, such as the exertion of a high starting force, development of high starting velocity and, later on, maximisation of the peak running velocity. These data could be of importance for practitioners to identify possible weaknesses and refine training methods for sprinters and other athletes whose performance depend on rapid movement initiations.

Predicting the future of sports organizations / Previndo o futuro das organizações desportivas / Predecir el futuro de las organizaciones deportivas

The current crisis of sport in Serbia justifies its prediction of real potential future of sport organizations. Sample of respondents (N=277) was divided in two subsamples: 113 professional persons involved in the management of sports clubs ("experimental" sample) and 164 individuals ("control" sample). The results of structural analysis showed that experimental sample based its vision on the staff as a determinant of the system, which is providing creativity as a characteristic of the organizational culture of the club. Control subsample of respondents could indicate some characteristic variables to predict the future of clubs, but can't say a clear prediction system based on a long sequence of reasoning. We can conclude that the mentioned two sub-samples are differerent in terms of the ability to orient to predict the future of their clubs on the basis of assessment of the key variables that shape the future scenarios.

A crise atual do esporte na Sérvia justifica sua predição para um potencial real no futuro das organizações desportivas. Amostra de entrevistados foi dividida em duas sub-amostras: 113 pessoas profissionais envolvidos na gestão de clubes esportivos (amostra ˝experimental˝) e 164 indivíduos (amostra de ˝controle˝). O resultado de análise estrutural mostrou que a amostra experimental baseou sua visão no pessoal como um fator determinante do sistema, fornecendo a criatividade como uma característica da cultura organizacional do clube. Sub-amostra de controle dos entrevistados poderia indicar algumas características variáveis para predizer o futuro dos clubes, mas não posso dizer que um sistema de previsão é baseado numa longa seqüência de raciocínio. Podemos concluir que as mencionadas duas sub-amostras são diferentes em termos de capacidade de predizer o futuro de seus clubes na base de avaliação das variáveis principais que formam os futuros cenários.

La crisis actual en el deporte en Serbia, justifica la predicción del verdadero potencial de las organizaciones deportivas. La muestra de entrevistados (N=277) fue dividida en dos grupos: 113 profesionales que desarrollan su labor en clubes deportivos (grupo experimental) y 164 individuos (grupo control). Los resultados del análisis estructural mostraron que el grupo experimental basó su visión en el personal como un factor determinante para el sistema, que genera creatividad como una característica de la cultura organizativa del club. El grupo control de entrevistados, podrían indicar algunas variables específicas para predecir el futuro de los clubes, pero sin llegar a proporcionar sistemas claros de predicción basados en una secuencia larga de razonamiento. Podemos concluir que los dos grupos mencionados difieren en su habilidad para orientar las predicciones de futuro de sus clubes, basándose en la evaluación de las variables clave que dan forma a los escenarios futuros.

A comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of elite karatekas, judokas, taekwondoists, boxers and wrestlers / Análisis comparativo de las características morfológicas de karatistas, judistas, taekwondistas, boxeadores y luchadores de elite

The aim of this research was to use a system of 37 variables of morphological characteristics on a sample of 108 elite male athletes (25 karatekas, 27 judokas, 19 taekwondoists, 18 boxers and 19 wrestlers), aged 17 to 23, to determine any statistically significant differences between the groups of athletes in terms of variable means, so that during the training process, the selection of athletes could be carried out in a proper and objective manner and that the training transformation processes could be managed more effectively. After processing the data using the statistical method of a multivariate and univariate analysis of variance (MANOVA/ANOVA), we obtained results that indicate that among the karatekas, judokas, taekwondoists, boxers and wrestlers in the entire system of (multivariate) morphological variables there is a statistically significant difference between the means (p=0.000). The results of the research have shown that what we are dealing with are different morphological structures of athletes involved in different sports. Since in the longitudinal and transversal dimensionality of the skeleton the values are more pronounced for boxers, wrestlers and karatekas, during selection it is necessary to be vigilant, since these are morphological characteristics which are genetically limited and can only change up to only 2% during the training process, while for voluminosity and body mass and subcutaneous fatty tissue there is the possibility of carrying out transformations of 20­50%.

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en utilizar un sistema de 37 variables de las características morfológicas de una muestra de 108 deportistas de élite masculinos (25 karatekas, 27 judokas, 19 taekwondistas, 18 boxeadores y luchadores 19), de 17 a 23 años, para determinar alguna diferencia que sea estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos de atletas en términos de medios de variables, de modo que durante el proceso de formación, la selección de los atletas podría llevarse a cabo de una manera adecuada y objetiva, y que los procesos de transformación de la formación podrían ser manejados de manera más eficaz. Después de procesar los datos mediante el método estadístico de análisis multivariado y univariado de la varianza (MANOVA/ANOVA), se obtuvieron resultados que indican que entre los karatekas, judokas, taekwondistas, boxeadores y luchadores en todo el sistema de (multivariable) variables morfológicas no existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las medias (p=0,000). Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que se observan diferentes estructuras morfológicas de los atletas que participan en diferentes deportes. Dado que en la dimensionalidad longitudinal y transversal del esqueleto y sus valores son más pronunciados para los boxeadores, luchadores y karatekas. Durante la selección es importante estar atentos, ya que estas son las características morfológicas que genéticamente son limitantes y solamente se pueden cambiar hasta el 2% durante el proceso de formación, mientras que para la voluminosidad y la masa corporal y el tejido graso subcutáneo es posible efectuar transformaciones del 20­50%.

Clinical case series of nine patients with tuberculousmeningitis in the Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, AP Vojvodina, Serbia 2001-2010.

AIM: To determine immediate risk factors of developing tuberculous meningitis, to assess the practical importance of clinical signs and findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when opting for the specific therapy, and to predict the outcome of disease in relation to the beginning of treatment. METHODS: A retrospective clinical case series of nine patients with tuberculous meningitis who were treated from April 2001 until November 2010 at the Department of Infectious Diseases in Novi Sad, Serbia was presented. Data of patients' medical records and presentation of clinical and laboratory features, neuroradiologicalfindings and outcome were used. RESULTS: The factors of immediate risk/predisposition for the development of tuberculous meningitis were found in two (22.2%) patients. The duration of symptoms prior to admission was 9 days on average (from 3 to 20 days). The most frequent symptoms on admission were headache and fever in eight (88.9%) patients, whereas two patients (22.2%) were presented with stiff neck and photophobia. Consciousness was preserved in six patients (66.7%), two patients were somnolent and one was in coma. Two(22.2%) patients had concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. Neuroradiological signs of the disease were present in two patients. CONCLUSION: The duration of symptoms before admission, clinical examination and CSF analysis can be helpful in identifying patients who are at high risk of developing tuberculous meningitis.

Model for the determination of instantaneous values of the velocity, instantaneous, and average acceleration for 100-m sprinters.

Temporal patterns of running velocity is of profound interest for coaches and researchers involved in sprint racing. In this study, we applied a nonhomogeneous differential equation for the motion with resistance force proportional to the velocity for the determination of the instantaneous velocity and instantaneous and average acceleration in the sprinter discipline at 100 m. Results obtained for the instantaneous velocity in this study using the presented model indicate good agreement with values measured directly, which is a good verification of the proposed procedure. To perform a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of the results obtained, the harmonic canon of running for the 100-m sprint discipline was formed. Using the data obtained by the measurement of split times for segments of 100-m run of the sprinters K. Lewis (1988), M. Green (2001), and U. Bolt (2009), the method described yielded results that enable comparative analysis of the kinematical parameters for each sprinter. Further treatment allowed the derivation of the ideal harmonic velocity canon of running, which can be helpful to any coach in evaluating the results achieved at particular distances in this and other disciplines. The method described can be applied for the analysis of any race.

Differences in the bioenergetic potential of athletes participating in team sports.

BACKGROUND/AIM: In modern training technology, assessment of aerobic bioenergetic potential in athletes is commonly performed by standard laboratory procedures to determine basic or specific functional abilities for specific sport activity or discipline. The aim of study was to assess the aerobic bioenergetic potential of athletes participating in basketball, football and handball. METHODS: The study included 87 athletes (29 basketball players, 29 football players, and 29 handball players) aged 21-24. Evaluation of the aerobic bioenergetic potential of athletes participating in basketball, football and handball was performed followed by both univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MANOVA) statistical methods to determine differences among the athletes in relative (VO2 mL/kg/min) and absolute oxygen consumption (VO2 L/min). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between absolute and relative oxygen consumption were found in basketball players (Mb), football players (Mf), and handball players (Mh) (MANOVA, p = 0.00). ANOVA also revealed significant differences in relative oxygen consumption (VO2 mL/kg/min) (p = 0.00). The football players (55.32 mL/kg/min) had the highest relative oxygen consumption, followed by the handball players (51.84 mL/kg/min) and basketball players (47.00 mL/kg/min). The highest absolute oxygen consumption was recorded in the basketball players (4.47 L/min), followed by the handball players (4.40 L/min) and footballers (4.16 L/min). CONCLUSION: Statistically significant differences in the aerobic bioenergetic potential, expressed by the relative oxygen consumption were found among atletes participating in different team sports. It can be assumed that the player from the sports in which it is necessary to cross greater distance in total during the match have a greater need for aerobic capacity.

Isometric force development of some muscle groups in athletes.

In a large sample of both male and female athletes, subdivided by age and sex, a development curve of isometric muscule force (F) was analyzed for hand flexors, upper-body flexors and extensors, and knee extensors (PDS). A sample of 1,857 male and 1,009 female athletes, aged 8-30 years, subdivided by their age and sex, was used to measure the mean values of isometric muscle force of certain muscle groups by way of 5 topologically defined tests. Based on the results, isometric muscle force (F) development curves are shown and analyzed for the right-hand and left-hand (PLS) flexors, upper-body flexors (PTR), upper-body extensors (OTR), and knee extensors (ONO). The application of certain statistical programs gave rise to equations of the relationship between isometric force and age. The maximum mean value of PLS was chosen as the reference value or "the gold standard," with which PTR, OTR, and ONO were subsequently compared. The relationships were 1:1:1:2.8:5.9 (for male athletes), and 1:1:1.3:3.2:5.2 (for female athletes). The newly derived relationship was recognized as "the canon." The results may have practical application in athletes' fitness and conditioning. Every topologically defined muscle force has its own patterns and rules that should be closely followed in the training process, because any generalization may lead to false conclusions.