Psychometric properties of the Global Psychotrauma Screen in the United States.

Background: Prior research assessing the psychometric properties of the Global Psychotrauma Screen provided support for its internal consistency reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity in several international samples, but not specifically in a U.S. subsample. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess psychometric properties of the GPS in the U.S. Method: This observational study included a convenience sample of individually recruited participants (N = 231) who completed an initial study with 126-item online questionnaire and a two-week follow-up study with GPS alone through the weblinks provided by the research team. Data analyzes included measuring internal consistency and test-retest reliability, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes (EFA and CFA), convergent and divergent validity, sensitivity, specificity, and severity of the GPS symptom items. Additional CFA was conducted with data (N = 947) from the GPS multinational research project, U.S. subsample. Results: The results showed acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity of the GPS. The construct validity results supported a three-factor structure of the GPS symptoms. The GPS domains showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity with the cut-off scores of 3 for PTSD and 5 for CPTSD domains; and the scores of 1 for the anxiety, depression, and insomnia domains respectively. The GPS risk factors predicted the GPS symptom severity. Conclusions: This study provides new and additional evidence on the psychometric properties of the GPS which may help health care providers with the selection of an appropriate screening instrument for trauma-related transdiagnostic symptoms. The study limitations should be addressed in future research through the replication of EFA and CFA internationally with larger samples, and the inclusion of a reference standard for dissociation.

Semantic adaptation of the Global Psychotrauma Screen for children and adolescents in the United States.

Background: The review of trauma screening tools for children and adolescents indicates a need for developmentally and linguistically appropriate, globally applicable, free, and easily accessible trauma screening instruments. Objective: The aim of this study is to adapt the Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) for children and adolescents in the United States. Method: Using the modified Delphi method, this study included the GPS Expert Consensus (GPS-EC) and the GPS Stakeholder Consensus (GPS-SC) substudies. In the GPS-EC, ten reviewers who specialize in trauma services independently revised the GPS child and adolescent versions in four rounds. In the GPS-SC, a stratified minimum sample of children and adolescents (n = 24) and their parents (n = 24) were interviewed to collect feedback on the revised GPS versions. Results: In the GPS-EC Round 1, a low level of consensus was observed on the anxiety (restlessness) and depression (loss of interest) items. In Round 2, a high level of consensus was achieved on all but PTSD hypervigilance and detachment, and CPTSD self-concept items. Round 3 indicated a low level of consensus on the exposure and functioning items. Full consensus was achieved in Round 4 on all items. In the GPS-SC, children had more difficulties than adolescents with the exposure, dissociation, and risk-protection items. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the semantic adaptation process concluded with implementation of six decisions on the final GPS versions for children and adolescents: adding a non-binary gender choice for adolescents; removing the exposure section; using a full-sentence structure for children and a phrase structure for adolescents; retaining the two-part items on PTSD intrusion and avoidance, retaining self-blame but removing other-blame in the PTSD-blame item; providing specific descriptions of depersonalization and derealization in the dissociation items; and removing risk-protection and functioning items for children.

Antecedentes: La revisión de las herramientas de detección de trauma en niños y adolescentes indica la necesidad de instrumentos de detección de trauma que sean aplicables a nivel mundial, gratuitos y de fácil acceso, apropiados para el desarrollo y lingüísticamente.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar el Mapeo Global de Psicotrauma (GPS) para niños y adolescentes en Estados Unidos.Método: Utilizando el método Delphi modificado, este estudio incluyó los subestudios GPS de Consenso de Expertos (GPS-EC) y GPS de Consenso de Partes Interesadas (GPS-SC). En el GPS-EC, diez revisores que se especializan en servicios de trauma revisaron de forma independiente las versiones del GPS para niños y adolescentes en cuatro rondas. En el GPS-SC, se entrevistó a una muestra mínima estratificada de niños y adolescentes (n = 24) y sus padres (n = 24) para recopilar retroalimentación sobre las versiones revisadas del GPS.Resultados: En la Ronda 1 del GPS-EC, se observó un bajo nivel de consenso en los ítems de ansiedad (inquietud) y depresión (pérdida de interés). En la Ronda 2, se logró un alto nivel de consenso en todos los ítems excepto los de hipervigilancia y desapego del TEPT y de autoconcepto del TEPT-C. La Ronda 3 indicó un bajo nivel de consenso sobre los ítems de exposición y funcionamiento. En la Ronda 4 se logró un consenso total sobre todos los elementos. En el GPS-SC, los niños tenían más dificultades que los adolescentes con los items de exposición, disociación y protección contra riesgos.Conclusiones: Basados en los resultados de este estudio, el proceso de adaptación semántica concluyó con la implementación de seis decisiones sobre las versiones finales del GPS para niños y adolescentes: agregar una opción de género no binaria para adolescentes; eliminar la sección de exposición; usar una estructura de oración completa para niños y una estructura de frase para adolescentes; retener los ítems de dos partes sobre la intrusión y evitación del TEPT, retener la auto-culpa pero eliminar la culpa del otro en el ítem de culpa del TEPT; proporcionar descripciones específicas de despersonalización y des-realización en los elementos de disociación; y la eliminación de items de protección contra riesgos y funcionamiento para los niños.