Relationship between phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition and anti-inflammatory activity of CI-1044 in rat airways.

The anti-inflammatory effects of CI-1044 and of the other selective PDE4 inhibitors rolipram and cilomilast were investigated in Brown-Norway (BN) rats, against lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production in whole blood and antigen-induced lung eosinophilia. In vitro, CI-1044 inhibited TNFalpha production with an IC(50) of 0.31 microm being equipotent to Cilomilast (IC(50) = 0.26 microm) and rolipram (IC(50) = 0.11 microm). Given orally, CI-1044 inhibited ex vivo TNFalpha production with an ED(50) value of 0.4 mg/kg after single administration, whereas rolipram (ED(50) = 1.4 mg/kg) and cilomilast (ED(50) = 1.6 mg/kg) were less potent. In the same ex vivo setting, but given repeatedly, CI-1044 led to an ED(50) of 0.5 mg/kg corresponding to a plasma concentration of 82.6 ng/mL (0.22 microm). In vivo, CI-1044 prevented TNFalpha release with an ED(50) of 1 mg/kg p.o. and inhibited ovalbumin-induced lung eosinophilia following single or repeated oral administration with an ED(50) of 3.25 and 4.8 mg/kg p.o., respectively, suggesting the absence of pharmacological tolerance. CI-1044 in this model was equipotent to rolipram (81% inhibition at 10 mg/kg) but better than cilomilast (25% inhibition at 10 mg/kg). Finally, CI-1044 (10 mg/kg) inhibited inflammatory cell recruitment with a long duration of action (up to 8 h) and was still active when given post-challenge. Our data show that CI-1044 is an orally active PDE4 inhibitor that may be used as an anti-inflammatory therapy in lung inflammatory diseases.

The discovery of the benzhydroxamate MEK inhibitors CI-1040 and PD 0325901.

A novel series of benzhydroxamate esters derived from their precursor anthranilic acids have been prepared and have been identified as potent MEK inhibitors. 2-(2-Chloro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluoro-benzamide, CI-1040, was the first MEK inhibitor to demonstrate in vivo activity in preclinical animal models and subsequently became the first MEK inhibitor to enter clinical trial. CI-1040 suffered however from poor exposure due to its poor solubility and rapid clearance, and as a result, development of the compound was terminated. Optimization of the diphenylamine core and modification of the hydroxamate side chain for cell potency, solubility, and exposure with oral delivery resulted in the discovery of the clinical candidate N-(2,3-dihydroxy-propoxy)-3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-benzamide PD 0325901.

Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity.

The majority of patients with digestive disorders display visceral pain. In these troubles, visceral pain threshold is decreased, demonstrating visceral hypersensitivity. There is growing evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF) may function as a mediator of persistent pain states. This hypothesis was tested in a model of colonic hypersensitivity measured by isobaric distension in conscious rats. This study was designed to evaluate (1) the effect of exogenous NGF on colonic pain threshold, (2) the involvement of NGF in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic hypersensitivity, by testing an anti-NGF antibody, and (3) finally the involvement of sensory nerves on NGF and TNBS effects using rats treated neonatally with capsaicin. Intra-peritoneal injection of NGF (0.1-100 ng/rat) decreased in a dose-related manner colonic pain threshold in naive rats. This effect was reversed by anti-NGF antibody (1/2000; 2 ml/kg). TNBS-induced colonic hypersensitivity was also reversed by anti-NGF antibody (1/2000; 2 ml/kg): 37.7 +/- 1.7 and 17.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg (p<0.01) for anti-NGF antibody- and vehicle-treated group, respectively. Neonatal capsaicin pre-treatment inhibited NGF- and TNBS-induced decrease in colonic pain threshold: 49.4 +/- 5.3 versus 22.3 +/- 1.6 mmHg (p<0.01) for capsaicin versus vehicle in NGF-treated rats and 39.6 +/- 3.3 versus 18.0 +/- 1.0 mm Hg (p<0.001) for capsaicin versus vehicle in TNBS-treated rats. These data suggest that the action of NGF on sensory neurons contributes to the development of visceral hypersensitivity and that anti-NGF strategy may be of some therapeutic benefits in digestive sensory disorders.

Pregabalin (CI-1008) inhibits the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced chronic colonic allodynia in the rat.

In human, digestive disorders are often associated with visceral pain. In these pathologies, visceral pain threshold is decreased indicating a visceral hypersensitivity. Pregabalin [CI-1008; S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba] presents antihyperalgesic actions in inflammatory somatic pain models. This study was designed to evaluate 1) the effect of injection of TNBS into the colon on visceral pain threshold, and 2) the antihyperalgesic effect of pregabalin on TNBS-induced chronic colonic allodynia. A significant decrease in the colonic pain threshold was observed in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-treated animals (17.8 +/- 1.27 versus 43.4 +/- 1.98 mm Hg). Pregabalin (30-200 mg/kg s.c.) and morphine (0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) showed a dose-related inhibition of TNBS-induced colonic allodynia. Pregabalin did not inhibit the colonic inflammatory effect of TNBS. In normal conditions (control animals), morphine (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) significantly increased the colonic pain threshold, whereas pregabalin (200 mg/kg s.c.) did not modify the colonic pain threshold. Pregabalin suppressed the TNBS-induced colonic allodynia but did not modify the colonic threshold in normal conditions. The ability of pregabalin to block the chronic colonic allodynia indicates that it is effective in abnormal colonic hypersensitivity, suggesting a possible effect in chronic pain in irritable bowel syndrome.