Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Biópsia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , PrognósticoRESUMO
The relative ability of Th1 and Th2 T cells to help B cells remains controversial as do the mechanisms by which both T cell subsets provide help in vivo. Whether this help affects the clonal expansion and/or differentiation of B cells has been difficult to assess due to the low frequency of Ag-specific T and B lymphocytes. We have employed a novel technique to directly monitor the clonal expansion of Ag-specific T and B lymphocytes in vivo. OVA-specific TCR transgenic T lymphocytes were polarized toward a Th1 or Th2 phenotype in vitro. These cells were then transferred into syngeneic recipients, along with B cell receptor transgenic hen egg lysozyme-specific B lymphocytes. Our results indicate that Th1 and Th2 cells support B cell responses to a similar extent in vivo and that they achieve this in the same manner by migrating into B cell follicles to promote CD154-dependent B cell clonal expansion and Ab production.
Assuntos
Formação de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Cooperação Linfocítica , Células Th1/transplante , Células Th2/transplante , Transferência Adotiva , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Formação de Anticorpos/genética , Linfócitos B/citologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/transplante , Antígenos CD40/metabolismo , Ligante de CD40 , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Movimento Celular/genética , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Polaridade Celular/genética , Polaridade Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Células Clonais , Citocinas/biossíntese , Epitopos de Linfócito T/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Imunofenotipagem , Ligantes , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Cooperação Linfocítica/genética , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th1/metabolismo , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th2/metabolismoRESUMO
Carcinomas arising in the maxillary sinus, occasionally present clinically in the oral cavity along the occlusal ridge of the upper alveolus. The mechanism of this spread has not been investigated but it may resemble invasion of the mandible by oral carcinomas, which tend to invade the soft tissues rather than eroding through bone. In Britain, such patients are usually edentulous. This project examines deficiencies in the bony walls of the maxillary sinus to determine possible routes of spread. Maxillae were obtained from one side of 17 dissecting room cadavers, aged 71-95 years; 15 were edentulous. The roof of the maxillary sinus was removed in all specimens. Five maxillae were each cut into six slices, 0.5 cm thick, in a vertical bucco-lingual plane. In all, soft tissues were removed by treatment in dilute bleach. Histological sections, cut in the horizontal plane, were prepared of a further three maxillae. Several possible routes were identified by which tumors could spread from the sinus to the oral cavity: 1) directly through foramina in its floor; 2) through numerous foramina in its floor to the marrow cavity of the alveolar process, which mostly contained fat amongst narrow bony trabeculae. (The marrow cavity, in turn, had numerous communications with the occlusal surface); 3) through foramina which carried branches of the superior alveolar nerves and vessels; 4) through deficiencies in the bony walls of the sinus at the neurovascular grooves and elsewhere.
